X-Git-Url: https://git.llucax.com/software/druntime.git/blobdiff_plain/0b5d833e0947d44cd5bee6562c22ed4a14ca23bb..cae23267c83ae53f31305d1e93353dcafd0e02c6:/src/compiler/dmd/object_.d?ds=sidebyside

diff --git a/src/compiler/dmd/object_.d b/src/compiler/dmd/object_.d
index a0ac2a0..7341118 100644
--- a/src/compiler/dmd/object_.d
+++ b/src/compiler/dmd/object_.d
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ module object;
 
 private
 {
-    import stdc.string;
-    import stdc.stdlib;
+    import core.stdc.string;
+    import core.stdc.stdlib;
     import util.string;
-    debug(PRINTF) import stdc.stdio;
+    debug(PRINTF) import core.stdc.stdio;
 
     extern (C) void onOutOfMemoryError();
     extern (C) Object _d_newclass(ClassInfo ci);
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ private
 //alias typeof(int.sizeof)                    size_t;
 //alias typeof(cast(void*)0 - cast(void*)0)   ptrdiff_t;
 
-version( X86_64 )
+version(X86_64)
 {
     alias ulong size_t;
     alias long  ptrdiff_t;
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ else
 }
 
 alias size_t hash_t;
-alias int equals_t;
+alias bool equals_t;
 
-alias char[]  string;
-alias wchar[] wstring;
-alias dchar[] dstring;
+alias invariant(char)[]  string;
+alias invariant(wchar)[] wstring;
+alias invariant(dchar)[] dstring;
 
 /**
  * All D class objects inherit from Object.
@@ -125,6 +125,23 @@ class Object
         void lock();
         void unlock();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Create instance of class specified by classname.
+     * The class must either have no constructors or have
+     * a default constructor.
+     * Returns:
+     *   null if failed
+     */
+    static Object factory(string classname)
+    {
+        auto ci = ClassInfo.find(classname);
+        if (ci)
+        {
+            return ci.create();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -160,9 +177,11 @@ class ClassInfo : Object
     //  2:                      // has no possible pointers into GC memory
     //  4:                      // has offTi[] member
     //  8:                      // has constructors
+    // 16:                      // has xgetMembers member
     void*       deallocator;
     OffsetTypeInfo[] offTi;
     void function(Object) defaultConstructor;   // default Constructor
+    const(MemberInfo[]) function(in char[]) xgetMembers;
 
     /**
      * Search all modules for ClassInfo corresponding to classname.
@@ -197,6 +216,17 @@ class ClassInfo : Object
         }
         return o;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Search for all members with the name 'name'.
+     * If name[] is null, return all members.
+     */
+    const(MemberInfo[]) getMembers(in char[] name)
+    {
+        if (flags & 16 && xgetMembers)
+            return xgetMembers(name);
+        return null;
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -216,15 +246,16 @@ struct OffsetTypeInfo
  */
 class TypeInfo
 {
-    hash_t toHash()
-    {   hash_t hash;
+    override hash_t toHash()
+    {
+        hash_t hash;
 
         foreach (char c; this.toString())
             hash = hash * 9 + c;
         return hash;
     }
 
-    int opCmp(Object o)
+    override int opCmp(Object o)
     {
         if (this is o)
             return 0;
@@ -234,7 +265,7 @@ class TypeInfo
         return dstrcmp(this.toString(), ti.toString());
     }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         /* TypeInfo instances are singletons, but duplicates can exist
          * across DLL's. Therefore, comparing for a name match is
@@ -282,13 +313,17 @@ class TypeInfo
 
     /// Get type information on the contents of the type; null if not available
     OffsetTypeInfo[] offTi() { return null; }
+    /// Run the destructor on the object and all its sub-objects
+    void destroy(void* p) {}
+    /// Run the postblit on the object and all its sub-objects
+    void postblit(void* p) {}
 }
 
 class TypeInfo_Typedef : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString() { return name; }
+    override string toString() { return name; }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Typedef c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -297,15 +332,15 @@ class TypeInfo_Typedef : TypeInfo
                 this.base == c.base);
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p) { return base.getHash(p); }
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2) { return base.equals(p1, p2); }
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2) { return base.compare(p1, p2); }
-    size_t tsize() { return base.tsize(); }
-    void swap(void* p1, void* p2) { return base.swap(p1, p2); }
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p) { return base.getHash(p); }
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2) { return base.equals(p1, p2); }
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2) { return base.compare(p1, p2); }
+    override size_t tsize() { return base.tsize(); }
+    override void swap(void* p1, void* p2) { return base.swap(p1, p2); }
 
-    TypeInfo next() { return base.next(); }
-    uint flags() { return base.flags(); }
-    void[] init() { return m_init.length ? m_init : base.init(); }
+    override TypeInfo next() { return base.next(); }
+    override uint flags() { return base.flags(); }
+    override void[] init() { return m_init.length ? m_init : base.init(); }
 
     TypeInfo base;
     string   name;
@@ -319,9 +354,9 @@ class TypeInfo_Enum : TypeInfo_Typedef
 
 class TypeInfo_Pointer : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString() { return m_next.toString() ~ "*"; }
+    override string toString() { return m_next.toString() ~ "*"; }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Pointer c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -329,17 +364,17 @@ class TypeInfo_Pointer : TypeInfo
                  this.m_next == c.m_next);
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p)
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p)
     {
         return cast(hash_t)*cast(void**)p;
     }
 
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         return *cast(void**)p1 == *cast(void**)p2;
     }
 
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         if (*cast(void**)p1 < *cast(void**)p2)
             return -1;
@@ -349,29 +384,29 @@ class TypeInfo_Pointer : TypeInfo
             return 0;
     }
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return (void*).sizeof;
     }
 
-    void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
+    override void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
     {
         void* tmp = *cast(void**)p1;
         *cast(void**)p1 = *cast(void**)p2;
         *cast(void**)p2 = tmp;
     }
 
-    TypeInfo next() { return m_next; }
-    uint flags() { return 1; }
+    override TypeInfo next() { return m_next; }
+    override uint flags() { return 1; }
 
     TypeInfo m_next;
 }
 
 class TypeInfo_Array : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString() { return value.toString() ~ "[]"; }
+    override string toString() { return value.toString() ~ "[]"; }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Array c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -379,7 +414,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Array : TypeInfo
                 this.value == c.value);
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p)
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p)
     {
         size_t sz = value.tsize();
         hash_t hash = 0;
@@ -389,7 +424,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Array : TypeInfo
         return hash;
     }
 
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         void[] a1 = *cast(void[]*)p1;
         void[] a2 = *cast(void[]*)p2;
@@ -404,7 +439,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Array : TypeInfo
         return true;
     }
 
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         void[] a1 = *cast(void[]*)p1;
         void[] a2 = *cast(void[]*)p2;
@@ -422,12 +457,12 @@ class TypeInfo_Array : TypeInfo
         return cast(int)a1.length - cast(int)a2.length;
     }
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return (void[]).sizeof;
     }
 
-    void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
+    override void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
     {
         void[] tmp = *cast(void[]*)p1;
         *cast(void[]*)p1 = *cast(void[]*)p2;
@@ -436,23 +471,23 @@ class TypeInfo_Array : TypeInfo
 
     TypeInfo value;
 
-    TypeInfo next()
+    override TypeInfo next()
     {
         return value;
     }
 
-    uint flags() { return 1; }
+    override uint flags() { return 1; }
 }
 
 class TypeInfo_StaticArray : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString()
+    override string toString()
     {
-        char [10] tmp = void;
-        return value.toString() ~ "[" ~ tmp.intToString(len) ~ "]";
+        char[10] tmp = void;
+        return cast(string)(value.toString() ~ "[" ~ tmp.intToString(len) ~ "]");
     }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_StaticArray c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -461,7 +496,7 @@ class TypeInfo_StaticArray : TypeInfo
                 this.value == c.value);
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p)
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p)
     {
         size_t sz = value.tsize();
         hash_t hash = 0;
@@ -470,7 +505,7 @@ class TypeInfo_StaticArray : TypeInfo
         return hash;
     }
 
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         size_t sz = value.tsize();
 
@@ -482,7 +517,7 @@ class TypeInfo_StaticArray : TypeInfo
         return true;
     }
 
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         size_t sz = value.tsize();
 
@@ -495,12 +530,12 @@ class TypeInfo_StaticArray : TypeInfo
         return 0;
     }
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return len * value.tsize();
     }
 
-    void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
+    override void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
     {
         void* tmp;
         size_t sz = value.tsize();
@@ -522,9 +557,30 @@ class TypeInfo_StaticArray : TypeInfo
             delete pbuffer;
     }
 
-    void[] init() { return value.init(); }
-    TypeInfo next() { return value; }
-    uint flags() { return value.flags(); }
+    override void[] init() { return value.init(); }
+    override TypeInfo next() { return value; }
+    override uint flags() { return value.flags(); }
+
+    override void destroy(void* p)
+    {
+        auto sz = value.tsize();
+        p += sz * len;
+        foreach (i; 0 .. len)
+        {
+            p -= sz;
+            value.destroy(p);
+        }
+    }
+
+    override void postblit(void* p)
+    {
+        auto sz = value.tsize();
+        foreach (i; 0 .. len)
+        {
+            value.postblit(p);
+            p += sz;
+        }
+    }
 
     TypeInfo value;
     size_t   len;
@@ -532,12 +588,12 @@ class TypeInfo_StaticArray : TypeInfo
 
 class TypeInfo_AssociativeArray : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString()
+    override string toString()
     {
-        return next.toString() ~ "[" ~ key.toString() ~ "]";
+        return cast(string)(next.toString() ~ "[" ~ key.toString() ~ "]");
     }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_AssociativeArray c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -548,13 +604,13 @@ class TypeInfo_AssociativeArray : TypeInfo
 
     // BUG: need to add the rest of the functions
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return (char[int]).sizeof;
     }
 
-    TypeInfo next() { return value; }
-    uint flags() { return 1; }
+    override TypeInfo next() { return value; }
+    override uint flags() { return 1; }
 
     TypeInfo value;
     TypeInfo key;
@@ -562,12 +618,12 @@ class TypeInfo_AssociativeArray : TypeInfo
 
 class TypeInfo_Function : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString()
+    override string toString()
     {
-        return next.toString() ~ "()";
+        return cast(string)(next.toString() ~ "()");
     }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Function c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -577,7 +633,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Function : TypeInfo
 
     // BUG: need to add the rest of the functions
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return 0;       // no size for functions
     }
@@ -587,12 +643,12 @@ class TypeInfo_Function : TypeInfo
 
 class TypeInfo_Delegate : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString()
+    override string toString()
     {
-        return next.toString() ~ " delegate()";
+        return cast(string)(next.toString() ~ " delegate()");
     }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Delegate c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -602,22 +658,22 @@ class TypeInfo_Delegate : TypeInfo
 
     // BUG: need to add the rest of the functions
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         alias int delegate() dg;
         return dg.sizeof;
     }
 
-    uint flags() { return 1; }
+    override uint flags() { return 1; }
 
     TypeInfo next;
 }
 
 class TypeInfo_Class : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString() { return info.name; }
+    override string toString() { return info.name; }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Class c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -625,13 +681,13 @@ class TypeInfo_Class : TypeInfo
                  this.info.name == c.classinfo.name);
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p)
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p)
     {
         Object o = *cast(Object*)p;
         return o ? o.toHash() : 0;
     }
 
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         Object o1 = *cast(Object*)p1;
         Object o2 = *cast(Object*)p2;
@@ -639,7 +695,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Class : TypeInfo
         return (o1 is o2) || (o1 && o1.opEquals(o2));
     }
 
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         Object o1 = *cast(Object*)p1;
         Object o2 = *cast(Object*)p2;
@@ -661,14 +717,14 @@ class TypeInfo_Class : TypeInfo
         return c;
     }
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return Object.sizeof;
     }
 
-    uint flags() { return 1; }
+    override uint flags() { return 1; }
 
-    OffsetTypeInfo[] offTi()
+    override OffsetTypeInfo[] offTi()
     {
         return (info.flags & 4) ? info.offTi : null;
     }
@@ -678,9 +734,9 @@ class TypeInfo_Class : TypeInfo
 
 class TypeInfo_Interface : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString() { return info.name; }
+    override string toString() { return info.name; }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Interface c;
         return this is o ||
@@ -688,7 +744,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Interface : TypeInfo
                  this.info.name == c.classinfo.name);
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p)
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p)
     {
         Interface* pi = **cast(Interface ***)*cast(void**)p;
         Object o = cast(Object)(*cast(void**)p - pi.offset);
@@ -696,7 +752,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Interface : TypeInfo
         return o.toHash();
     }
 
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         Interface* pi = **cast(Interface ***)*cast(void**)p1;
         Object o1 = cast(Object)(*cast(void**)p1 - pi.offset);
@@ -706,7 +762,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Interface : TypeInfo
         return o1 == o2 || (o1 && o1.opCmp(o2) == 0);
     }
 
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         Interface* pi = **cast(Interface ***)*cast(void**)p1;
         Object o1 = cast(Object)(*cast(void**)p1 - pi.offset);
@@ -730,21 +786,21 @@ class TypeInfo_Interface : TypeInfo
         return c;
     }
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return Object.sizeof;
     }
 
-    uint flags() { return 1; }
+    override uint flags() { return 1; }
 
     ClassInfo info;
 }
 
 class TypeInfo_Struct : TypeInfo
 {
-    string toString() { return name; }
+    override string toString() { return name; }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         TypeInfo_Struct s;
         return this is o ||
@@ -753,7 +809,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Struct : TypeInfo
                  this.init.length == s.init.length);
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p)
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p)
     {
         assert(p);
         if (xtoHash)
@@ -768,7 +824,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Struct : TypeInfo
             // A sorry hash algorithm.
             // Should use the one for strings.
             // BUG: relies on the GC not moving objects
-            auto q = cast(ubyte*)p;
+            auto q = cast(const(ubyte)*)p;
             for (size_t i = 0; i < init.length; i++)
             {
                 h = h * 9 + *q;
@@ -778,7 +834,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Struct : TypeInfo
         }
     }
 
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         if (p1 == p2)
             return true;
@@ -791,7 +847,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Struct : TypeInfo
             return memcmp(p1, p2, init.length) == 0;
     }
 
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         // Regard null references as always being "less than"
         if (p1 != p2)
@@ -812,14 +868,26 @@ class TypeInfo_Struct : TypeInfo
         return 0;
     }
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         return init.length;
     }
 
-    void[] init() { return m_init; }
+    override void[] init() { return m_init; }
 
-    uint flags() { return m_flags; }
+    override uint flags() { return m_flags; }
+
+    override void destroy(void* p)
+    {
+        if (xdtor)
+            (*xdtor)(p);
+    }
+
+    override void postblit(void* p)
+    {
+        if (xpostblit)
+            (*xpostblit)(p);
+    }
 
     string name;
     void[] m_init;      // initializer; init.ptr == null if 0 initialize
@@ -830,13 +898,17 @@ class TypeInfo_Struct : TypeInfo
     char[]   function(in void*)           xtoString;
 
     uint m_flags;
+
+    const(MemberInfo[]) function(in char[]) xgetMembers;
+    void function(void*)                    xdtor;
+    void function(void*)                    xpostblit;
 }
 
 class TypeInfo_Tuple : TypeInfo
 {
     TypeInfo[] elements;
 
-    string toString()
+    override string toString()
     {
         string s = "(";
         foreach (i, element; elements)
@@ -849,7 +921,7 @@ class TypeInfo_Tuple : TypeInfo
         return s;
     }
 
-    equals_t opEquals(Object o)
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o)
     {
         if (this is o)
             return true;
@@ -867,59 +939,142 @@ class TypeInfo_Tuple : TypeInfo
         return false;
     }
 
-    hash_t getHash(in void* p)
+    override hash_t getHash(in void* p)
     {
         assert(0);
     }
 
-    equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override equals_t equals(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         assert(0);
     }
 
-    int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
+    override int compare(in void* p1, in void* p2)
     {
         assert(0);
     }
 
-    size_t tsize()
+    override size_t tsize()
     {
         assert(0);
     }
 
-    void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
+    override void swap(void* p1, void* p2)
+    {
+        assert(0);
+    }
+
+    override void destroy(void* p)
+    {
+        assert(0);
+    }
+
+    override void postblit(void* p)
     {
         assert(0);
     }
 }
 
+class TypeInfo_Const : TypeInfo
+{
+    override string toString()
+    {
+        return cast(string) ("const(" ~ base.toString() ~ ")");
+    }
+
+    override equals_t opEquals(Object o) { return base.opEquals(o); }
+    override hash_t getHash(in void *p) { return base.getHash(p); }
+    override equals_t equals(in void *p1, in void *p2) { return base.equals(p1, p2); }
+    override int compare(in void *p1, in void *p2) { return base.compare(p1, p2); }
+    override size_t tsize() { return base.tsize(); }
+    override void swap(void *p1, void *p2) { return base.swap(p1, p2); }
+
+    override TypeInfo next() { return base.next(); }
+    override uint flags() { return base.flags(); }
+    override void[] init() { return base.init(); }
+
+    TypeInfo base;
+}
+
+class TypeInfo_Invariant : TypeInfo_Const
+{
+    override string toString()
+    {
+        return cast(string) ("invariant(" ~ base.toString() ~ ")");
+    }
+}
+
+abstract class MemberInfo
+{
+    string name();
+}
+
+class MemberInfo_field : MemberInfo
+{
+    this(string name, TypeInfo ti, size_t offset)
+    {
+        m_name = name;
+        m_typeinfo = ti;
+        m_offset = offset;
+    }
+
+    override string name() { return m_name; }
+    TypeInfo typeInfo() { return m_typeinfo; }
+    size_t offset() { return m_offset; }
+
+    string   m_name;
+    TypeInfo m_typeinfo;
+    size_t   m_offset;
+}
+
+class MemberInfo_function : MemberInfo
+{
+    this(string name, TypeInfo ti, void* fp, uint flags)
+    {
+        m_name = name;
+        m_typeinfo = ti;
+        m_fp = fp;
+        m_flags = flags;
+    }
+
+    override string name() { return m_name; }
+    TypeInfo typeInfo() { return m_typeinfo; }
+    void* fp() { return m_fp; }
+    uint flags() { return m_flags; }
+
+    string   m_name;
+    TypeInfo m_typeinfo;
+    void*    m_fp;
+    uint     m_flags;
+}
+
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Exception
+// Throwable
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
-class Exception : Object
+class Throwable : Object
 {
     interface TraceInfo
     {
-        int opApply( int delegate(inout char[]) );
+        int opApply(int delegate(inout char[]));
     }
 
     string      msg;
     string      file;
     size_t      line;
     TraceInfo   info;
-    Exception   next;
+    Throwable   next;
 
-    this( string msg, Exception next = null )
+    this(string msg, Throwable next = null)
     {
         this.msg = msg;
         this.next = next;
         this.info = traceContext();
     }
 
-    this( string msg, string file, size_t line, Exception next = null )
+    this(string msg, string file, size_t line, Throwable next = null)
     {
         this(msg, next);
         this.file = file;
@@ -927,14 +1082,36 @@ class Exception : Object
         this.info = traceContext();
     }
 
-    string toString()
+    override string toString()
     {
-        return msg;
+        char[10] tmp = void;
+        char[]   buf;
+
+        for (Throwable e = this; e !is null; e = e.next)
+        {
+            if (e.file)
+            {
+               buf ~= e.classinfo.name ~ "@" ~ e.file ~ "(" ~ tmp.intToString(e.line) ~ "): " ~ e.msg;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+               buf ~= e.classinfo.name ~ ": " ~ e.msg;
+            }
+            if (e.info)
+            {
+                buf ~= "\n----------------";
+                foreach (t; e.info)
+                    buf ~= "\n" ~ t;
+            }
+            if (e.next)
+                buf ~= "\n";
+        }
+        return cast(string) buf;
     }
 }
 
 
-alias Exception.TraceInfo function( void* ptr = null ) TraceHandler;
+alias Throwable.TraceInfo function(void* ptr = null) TraceHandler;
 private TraceHandler traceHandler = null;
 
 
@@ -944,14 +1121,14 @@ private TraceHandler traceHandler = null;
  * Params:
  *  h = The new trace handler.  Set to null to use the default handler.
  */
-extern (C) void  rt_setTraceHandler( TraceHandler h )
+extern (C) void  rt_setTraceHandler(TraceHandler h)
 {
     traceHandler = h;
 }
 
 
 /**
- * This function will be called when an Exception is constructed.  The
+ * This function will be called when an exception is constructed.  The
  * user-supplied trace handler will be called if one has been supplied,
  * otherwise no trace will be generated.
  *
@@ -964,11 +1141,39 @@ extern (C) void  rt_setTraceHandler( TraceHandler h )
  *  An object describing the current calling context or null if no handler is
  *  supplied.
  */
-Exception.TraceInfo traceContext( void* ptr = null )
+Throwable.TraceInfo traceContext(void* ptr = null)
 {
-    if( traceHandler is null )
+    if (traceHandler is null)
         return null;
-    return traceHandler( ptr );
+    return traceHandler(ptr);
+}
+
+
+class Exception : Throwable
+{
+    this(string msg, Throwable next = null)
+    {
+        super(msg, next);
+    }
+
+    this(string msg, string file, size_t line, Throwable next = null)
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+
+class Error : Throwable
+{
+    this(string msg, Throwable next = null)
+    {
+        super(msg, next);
+    }
+
+    this(string msg, string file, size_t line, Throwable next = null)
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
 }
 
 
@@ -1002,14 +1207,14 @@ class ModuleInfo
 
     void function() ictor;      // module static constructor (order independent)
 
-    static int opApply( int delegate(inout ModuleInfo) dg )
+    static int opApply(int delegate(inout ModuleInfo) dg)
     {
         int ret = 0;
 
-        foreach( m; _moduleinfo_array )
+        foreach (m; _moduleinfo_array)
         {
-            ret = dg( m );
-            if( ret )
+            ret = dg(m);
+            if (ret)
                 break;
         }
         return ret;
@@ -1107,7 +1312,7 @@ void _moduleCtor2(ModuleInfo[] mi, int skip)
             if (m.flags & MIctorstart)
             {   if (skip || m.flags & MIstandalone)
                     continue;
-                    throw new Exception( "Cyclic dependency in module " ~ m.name );
+                    throw new Exception("Cyclic dependency in module " ~ m.name);
             }
 
             m.flags |= MIctorstart;