diff --git a/ev.pod b/ev.pod index db6934a..b0f9e86 100644 --- a/ev.pod +++ b/ev.pod @@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is called C, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases -to the double type in C. +to the C type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on +it, you should treat it as such. + =head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS @@ -77,6 +79,13 @@ as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually not a problem. +Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong +version: + + assert (("libev version mismatch", + ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR + && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); + =item unsigned int ev_supported_backends () Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C @@ -84,6 +93,12 @@ value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their availability on the system you are running on). See C for a description of the set values. +Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and +a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11 + + assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex", + ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL)); + =item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends () Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also @@ -105,6 +120,26 @@ You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. +Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then +retries: better than mine). + + static void * + persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size) + { + for (;;) + { + void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); + + if (newptr) + return newptr; + + sleep (60); + } + } + + ... + ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc); + =item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such @@ -115,6 +150,18 @@ matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff (such as abort). +Example: do the same thing as libev does internally: + + static void + fatal_error (const char *msg) + { + perror (msg); + abort (); + } + + ... + ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); + =back =head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP @@ -259,6 +306,12 @@ always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). +Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. + + struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); + if (!epoller) + fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); + =item ev_default_destroy () Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state @@ -305,10 +358,10 @@ use. =item ev_tstamp ev_now (loop) Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop -got events and started processing them. This timestamp does not change -as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base time -used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the event -occuring (or more correctly, the mainloop finding out about it). +received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not +change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base +time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the +event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it). =item ev_loop (loop, int flags) @@ -319,6 +372,12 @@ events. If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until either no event watchers are active anymore or C was called. +Please note that an explicit C is usually better than +relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has +finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that +automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of +relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty. + A flags value of C will look for new events, will handle those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop. @@ -352,6 +411,14 @@ Here are the gory details of what C does: - If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK were used, return, otherwise continue with step *. +Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding +anymore. + + ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long + ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) + ev_loop (my_loop, 0); + ... jobs done. yeah! + =item ev_unloop (loop, how) Can be used to make a call to C return early (but only after it @@ -374,6 +441,19 @@ no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party libraries. Just remember to I and I. +Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C +running when nothing else is active. + + struct dv_signal exitsig; + ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); + ev_signal_start (myloop, &exitsig); + evf_unref (myloop); + +Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. + + ev_ref (myloop); + ev_signal_stop (myloop, &exitsig); + =back =head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER @@ -524,6 +604,7 @@ have been omitted.... This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat information given in the last section. + =head2 C - is this file descriptor readable or writable I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable @@ -570,6 +651,25 @@ I/O unconditionally. =back +Example: call C when STDIN_FILENO has become, well +readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could +attempt to read a whole line in the callback: + + static void + stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) + { + ev_io_stop (loop, w); + .. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors + } + + ... + struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); + struct ev_io stdin_readable; + ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); + ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); + ev_loop (loop, 0); + + =head2 C - relative and optionally recurring timeouts Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a @@ -631,6 +731,37 @@ the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be. =back +Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. + + static void + one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) + { + .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here + } + + struct ev_timer mytimer; + ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); + ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); + +Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of +inactivity. + + static void + timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) + { + .. ten seconds without any activity + } + + struct ev_timer mytimer; + ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ + ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ + ev_loop (loop, 0); + + // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": + // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds + ev_timer_again (&mytimer); + + =head2 C - to cron or not to cron Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile @@ -735,6 +866,40 @@ program when the crontabs have changed). =back +Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the +system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have +potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability. + + static void + clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) + { + ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) + } + + struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; + ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); + ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); + +Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: + + #include + + static ev_tstamp + my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) + { + return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.; + } + + ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); + +Example: call a callback every hour, starting now: + + struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; + ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, + fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); + ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); + + =head2 C - signal me when a signal gets signalled Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific @@ -780,6 +945,19 @@ process causing the status change. =back +Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM. + + static void + sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) + { + ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); + } + + struct ev_signal signal_watcher; + ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); + ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb); + + =head2 C - when you've got nothing better to do Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending @@ -808,6 +986,22 @@ believe me. =back +Example: dynamically allocate an C, start it, and in the +callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual. + + static void + idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) + { + free (w); + // now do something you wanted to do when the program has + // no longer asnything immediate to do. + } + + struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle)); + ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb); + ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb); + + =head2 C and C - customise your event loop Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem: @@ -848,6 +1042,9 @@ macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless. =back +Example: *TODO*. + + =head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now. @@ -903,6 +1100,7 @@ Feed an event as if the given signal occured (loop must be the default loop!). =back + =head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot -- 2.43.0

GLOBAL FUNCTIONS

`ev_io` - is this file descriptor readable or writable

`ev_timer` - relative and optionally recurring timeouts

`ev_periodic` - to cron or not to cron

`ev_signal` - signal me when a signal gets signalled

`ev_idle` - when you've got nothing better to do

`ev_prepare` and `ev_check` - customise your event loop

OTHER FUNCTIONS

LIBEVENT EMULATION

GLOBAL FUNCTIONS

ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable

ev_timer - relative and optionally recurring timeouts

ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron

ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled

ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do

ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop