From: Leandro Lucarella Date: Sun, 23 Mar 2003 07:10:16 +0000 (+0000) Subject: Import inicial después del "/var incident". :( X-Git-Tag: svn_import~1 X-Git-Url: https://git.llucax.com/z.facultad/75.12/tp2.git/commitdiff_plain/4ee800a13513e3b8245b8bc7e2c40a291dfa523f Import inicial después del "/var incident". :( --- 4ee800a13513e3b8245b8bc7e2c40a291dfa523f diff --git a/77891.cpp b/77891.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3338e5a --- /dev/null +++ b/77891.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,352 @@ +// vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +// +// Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +// Este programa resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales +// resultante de un problema físico de oscilación de líquidos. +// Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +// +// Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +// y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +// License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +// o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +// +// Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +// útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +// implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +// particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +// detalles. +// +// Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +// License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +// Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +// Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +// +// $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/77891.cpp $ +// $Date: 2002-11-24 02:48:38 -0300 (dom, 24 nov 2002) $ +// $Rev: 27 $ +// $Author: luca $ +// + +#include +#include +#include + +// Tipos de datos. +typedef unsigned int Indice; +typedef float Numero; +struct Datos; +typedef Numero (*Friccion)( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); +typedef Numero (*Funcion)( Datos&, Numero, Numero, Numero ); +typedef void (*Metodo)( Datos& ); +struct Datos { + Numero to; // Tiempo inicial + Numero tf; // Tiempo final + Numero k; // Paso + Numero xo; // X inicial = X(to) = Z(to) + Numero yo; // Y inicial = Y(to) = X'(to) = Z'(to) + Numero D; // Diametro del tubo + Numero n; // Viscosidad cinemática del líquido + Numero g; // Aceleración de la gravedad + Numero f; // Factor de fricción + Numero L; // Longitud del tubo + Numero Le; // Factor de pérdida de carga + Numero G; // Factor geométrico + Funcion fx; // Función asociada a la derivada de x + Funcion fy; // Función asociada a la derivada de y + Friccion fi; // Factor asociado a pérdidas por fricción +}; + +// Factor de fricción nulo. +Numero friccionNula( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); + +// Factor de fricción laminar. +Numero friccionLaminar( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); + +// Factor de fricción turbulenta. +Numero friccionTurbulenta( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); + +// Factor de fricción turbulenta (con depósitos). +Numero friccionTurbulentaConDepositos( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); + +// Función asociada a la primera derivada (x'=z'). +Numero funcionX( Datos&, Numero, Numero, Numero ); + +// Función asociada a la segunda derivada (y'=x''=z''). +Numero funcionY( Datos&, Numero, Numero, Numero ); + +// Calcula la ecuación diferencial por el método de Euler. +void euler( Datos& ); + +// Calcula la ecuación diferencial por el método de Runge-Kutta de órden 4. +void rk4( Datos& ); + +// Calcula la ecuación diferencial por el método de Nystrom. +void nystrom( Datos& ); + +// Constantes. +const Numero DEFAULT_N = 1000, // Cantidad de pasos por defecto + DEFAULT_to = 0.0, + DEFAULT_tf = 440.0, + DEFAULT_xo = 2.9866369, + DEFAULT_yo = 0.0, + DEFAULT_D = 0.5, + DEFAULT_n = 1e-6, + DEFAULT_g = 9.8, + DEFAULT_f = 0.03, + DEFAULT_L = 892.0, + DEFAULT_Le = 1070.4, + DEFAULT_G = 2.0; +const Funcion DEFAULT_fx = &funcionX, + DEFAULT_fy = &funcionY; +const Friccion DEFAULT_fi = &friccionNula; + +int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) { + + // Se fija que tenga los argumentos necesarios para correr. + if ( argc < 2 ) { + cerr << "Faltan argumentos. Modo de uso:" << endl; + cerr << "\t" << argv[0] << " método fi G tf N to xo yo D n g f L Le" << endl; + cerr << "Desde fi en adelante son opcionales. Los valores por defecto son:" << endl; + cerr << "\tfi = n" << endl; + cerr << "\tG = " << DEFAULT_G << endl; + cerr << "\ttf = " << DEFAULT_tf << endl; + cerr << "\tN = " << DEFAULT_N << endl; + cerr << "\tto = " << DEFAULT_to << endl; + cerr << "\txo = " << DEFAULT_xo << endl; + cerr << "\tyo = " << DEFAULT_yo << endl; + cerr << "\tD = " << DEFAULT_D << endl; + cerr << "\tn = " << DEFAULT_n << endl; + cerr << "\tg = " << DEFAULT_g << endl; + cerr << "\tf = " << DEFAULT_f << endl; + cerr << "\tL = " << DEFAULT_L << endl; + cerr << "\tLe = " << DEFAULT_Le << endl; + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } + + // Selecciona el método deseado. + Metodo metodo = NULL; + switch ( char( argv[1][0] ) ) { + case 'e': + metodo = &euler; + break; + case 'r': + metodo = &rk4; + break; + case 'n': + metodo = &nystrom; + break; + default: + cerr << "Debe especificar un método válido:" << endl; + cerr << "\te: Euler" << endl; + cerr << "\tr: Runge-Kutta 4" << endl; + cerr << "\tn: Nystrom" << endl; + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } + + // Se inicializan los datos. + Numero N = DEFAULT_N; + Datos D; + D.to = DEFAULT_to; + D.tf = DEFAULT_tf; + D.k = ( D.tf - D.to ) / N; + D.xo = DEFAULT_xo; + D.yo = DEFAULT_yo; + D.D = DEFAULT_D; + D.n = DEFAULT_n; + D.g = DEFAULT_g; + D.f = DEFAULT_f; + D.L = DEFAULT_L; + D.Le = DEFAULT_Le; + D.G = DEFAULT_G; + D.fx = DEFAULT_fx; + D.fy = DEFAULT_fy; + D.fi = DEFAULT_fi; + + // Si se pasaron datos como argumento, se los va agregando. + switch ( argc ) { + case 15: D.Le = Numero( atof( argv[14] ) ); + case 14: D.L = Numero( atof( argv[13] ) ); + case 13: D.f = Numero( atof( argv[12] ) ); + case 12: D.g = Numero( atof( argv[11] ) ); + case 11: D.n = Numero( atof( argv[10] ) ); + case 10: D.D = Numero( atof( argv[9] ) ); + case 9: D.yo = Numero( atof( argv[8] ) ); + case 8: D.xo = Numero( atof( argv[7] ) ); + case 7: D.to = Numero( atof( argv[6] ) ); + case 6: N = Numero( atof( argv[5] ) ); + case 5: D.tf = Numero( atof( argv[4] ) ); + // Se recalcula el paso (k) si se cambio to, N o tf. + D.k = ( D.tf - D.to ) / N; + case 4: D.G = Numero( atof( argv[3] ) ); + case 3: switch ( char( argv[2][0] ) ) { // Tipo de fricción + case 'n': + D.fi = &friccionNula; + break; + case 'l': + D.fi = &friccionLaminar; + break; + case 't': + D.fi = &friccionTurbulenta; + break; + case 'd': + D.fi = &friccionTurbulentaConDepositos; + break; + default: + cerr << "Debe especificar un tipo de fricción válido:" << endl; + cerr << "\tn: Nula" << endl; + cerr << "\tl: Laminar" << endl; + cerr << "\tt: Turbulenta" << endl; + cerr << "\td: Turbulenta (con depósitos)" << endl; + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } + } + + // Imprime el paso utilizado. + cerr << "Paso k = " << D.k << endl; + + // Ejecuta el método correspondiente con los datos correspondientes. + metodo( D ); + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + +} + +Numero friccionNula( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { + + return 0.0; + +} + +Numero friccionLaminar( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { + + return 32 * D.n / ( D.D * D.D ); + +} + +Numero friccionTurbulenta( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { + + return D.f * fabs( y ) / ( 2 * D.D ); + +} + +Numero friccionTurbulentaConDepositos( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { + + return D.f * fabs( y ) * D.Le / ( 2 * D.D * D.L); + +} + +Numero funcionX( Datos& D, Numero t, Numero x, Numero y ) { + + return y; + +} + +Numero funcionY( Datos& D, Numero t, Numero x, Numero y ) { + + return - D.fi( D, x, y ) * y - D.g * D.G * x / D.L; + +} + +void euler( Datos& D ) { + + Numero xo = D.xo, + yo = D.yo, + x = 0.0, + y = 0.0, + t = D.to; + + while ( t < D.tf ) { + + // Calculo los datos para este punto. + x = xo + D.k * D.fx( D, t, xo, yo ); + y = yo + D.k * D.fy( D, t, xo, yo ); + + // Imprimo resultados. + cout << t << " " << x << " " << y << endl; + + // Reemplazo valores iniciales. + xo = x; + yo = y; + t += D.k; + + } + +} + +void rk4( Datos& D ) { + + Numero x = D.xo, + y = D.yo, + t = D.to, + qx1 = 0.0, + qx2 = 0.0, + qx3 = 0.0, + qx4 = 0.0, + qy1 = 0.0, + qy2 = 0.0, + qy3 = 0.0, + qy4 = 0.0, + unSexto = 1.0 / 6.0; + + // Imprimo datos iniciales. + cout << t << " " << x << " " << y << endl; + + while ( t < D.tf ) { + + // Calculo los datos para este punto. + qx1 = D.k * D.fx( D, t, x, y ); + qy1 = D.k * D.fy( D, t, x, y ); + + qx2 = D.k * D.fx( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx1 / 2.0, y + qy1 / 2.0 ); + qy2 = D.k * D.fy( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx1 / 2.0, y + qy1 / 2.0 ); + + qx3 = D.k * D.fx( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx2 / 2.0, y + qy2 / 2.0 ); + qy3 = D.k * D.fy( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx2 / 2.0, y + qy2 / 2.0 ); + + qx4 = D.k * D.fx( D, t + D.k, x + qx3, y + qy3 ); + qy4 = D.k * D.fy( D, t + D.k, x + qx3, y + qy3 ); + + x += unSexto * ( qx1 + 2 * qx2 + 2 * qx3 + qx4 ); + y += unSexto * ( qy1 + 2 * qy2 + 2 * qy3 + qy4 ); + t += D.k; + + // Imprimo resultados. + cout << t << " " << x << " " << y << endl; + + } + +} + +void nystrom( Datos& D ) { + + Numero gGk2_L = D.g * D.G * D.k * D.k / D.L, + xo = D.xo, + x1 = ( 1 - gGk2_L * 0.5 ) * D.xo, + x2 = 0.0, + y = 0.0, + fi = 0.0, + t = D.to; + + // Imprimo valores iniciales. + cout << t << " " << xo << " " << y << endl; + y = ( x1 - xo ) / D.k; + cout << t << " " << x1 << " " << y << endl; + + while ( t < D.tf ) { + + // Calculo los datos para este punto. + fi = D.fi( D, x1, y ); + x2 = ( ( fi - 1 ) * xo + ( 2 - gGk2_L ) * x1 ) / ( fi + 1 ); + + // Prepara para próxima iteración + t += D.k; + xo = x1; + x1 = x2; + y = ( x1 - xo ) / D.k; + + // Imprimo resultados. + cout << t << " " << x2 << " " << y << endl; + + } + +} diff --git a/GFDL b/GFDL new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b42936b --- /dev/null +++ b/GFDL @@ -0,0 +1,355 @@ + GNU Free Documentation License + Version 1.1, March 2000 + + Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + +0. 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It is safest +to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively +convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least +the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. + + + Copyright (C) + + This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA + + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + +If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this +when it starts in an interactive mode: + + Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author + Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. + This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it + under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may +be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be +mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. + +You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your +school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if +necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: + + Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program + `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. + + , 1 April 1989 + Ty Coon, President of Vice + +This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into +proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may +consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the +library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General +Public License instead of this License. diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfa4107 --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Este programa resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales +# resultante de un problema físico de oscilación de líquidos. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/Makefile $ +# $Date: 2002-12-02 18:03:21 -0300 (lun, 02 dic 2002) $ +# $Rev: 35 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +#### VARIABLES #### +CPP_OPTS=-O3 -Wall +CPP_OPTS_DBG=-g3 -Wall +LIBS=-lm + + +#### GENERAL #### +all: tp informe +tp: c d e f +clean: clean-c clean-d clean-e clean-f clean-informe clean-77891 + + +#### PROGRAMA #### +77891: 77891.cpp + c++ $(CPP_OPTS) $(LIBS) -o 77891 77891.cpp +77891dbg: 77891.cpp + c++ $(CPP_OPTS_DBG) $(LIBS) -o 77891dbg 77891.cpp +clean-77891: + rm -f *.o 77891 77891dbg + + +#### PUNTO C #### +c: c1 c2 c3 +clean-c: clean-c1 clean-c2 clean-c3 +# C.1 +c1e_k0.44.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e n 2 440 1000 > c1e_k0.44.txt +c1e_k0.0044.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e n 2 440 100000 > c1e_k0.0044.txt +c1e.eps: c1e_k0.44.txt c1e_k0.0044.txt c1e.gnuplot + ./c1e.gnuplot +c1r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r n 2 440 1000 > c1r.txt +c1r.eps: c1r.txt c1r.gnuplot + ./c1r.gnuplot +c1n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n n 2 440 1000 > c1n.txt +c1n.eps: c1n.txt c1n.gnuplot + ./c1n.gnuplot +c1: c1e.eps c1r.eps c1n.eps +clean-c1: + rm -f c1*.txt c1*.eps +# C.2 +c2e.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 e n 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > c2e.txt +c2r.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 r n 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > c2r.txt +c2n.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 n n 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > c2n.txt +c2.eps: c2e.txt c2r.txt c2n.txt periodo.gnuplot + sed "s/

/c/g" periodo.gnuplot | sed "s//sin/g" | \ + sed "s//sin/g" | sed "s///g" | \ + gnuplot +c2: c2.eps +clean-c2: + rm -f c2*.txt c2.eps +# C.3 +c3c.eps: c3c.gnuplot + ./c3c.gnuplot +c3o.eps: c3o.gnuplot + ./c3o.gnuplot +c3: c3c.eps c3o.eps +clean-c3: + rm -f c3*.eps + + +#### PUNTO D #### +d: d1 d2 d3 d4 +clean-d: clean-d1 clean-d2 clean-d3 clean-d4 +# D.1 +d1e.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e l 2 2500 1000000 > d1e.txt +d1e.eps: d1e.txt d1e.gnuplot + ./d1e.gnuplot +d1r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r l 2 2500 1000 > d1r.txt +d1r.eps: d1r.txt d1r.gnuplot + ./d1r.gnuplot +d1n_k2.0.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n l 2 2500 1250 > d1n_k2.0.txt +d1n_k0.0625.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n l 2 2500 40000 > d1n_k0.0625.txt +d1n.eps: d1n_k2.0.txt d1n_k0.0625.txt d1n.gnuplot + ./d1n.gnuplot +d1: d1e.eps d1r.eps d1n.eps +clean-d1: + rm -f d1*.txt d1*.eps +# D.2 +d2e.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 e l 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > d2e.txt +d2r.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 r l 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > d2r.txt +d2n.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 n l 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > d2n.txt +d2.eps: d2e.txt d2r.txt d2n.txt periodo.gnuplot + sed "s/

/d/g" periodo.gnuplot | sed "s//sin/g" | \ + sed "s//con/g" | sed "s// laminar/g" | \ + gnuplot +d2: d2.eps +clean-d2: + rm -f d2*.txt d2.eps +# D.3 +d3e.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e l 2 405 100000 > d3e.txt +d3e.max.txt: d3e.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max d3e.txt > d3e.max.txt +d3e.min.txt: d3e.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min d3e.txt > d3e.min.txt +d3r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r l 2 405 1000 > d3r.txt +d3r.max.txt: d3r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max d3r.txt > d3r.max.txt +d3r.min.txt: d3r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min d3r.txt > d3r.min.txt +d3n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n l 2 405 190 > d3n.txt +d3n.max.txt: d3n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max d3n.txt > d3n.max.txt +d3n.min.txt: d3n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min d3n.txt > d3n.min.txt +d3: d3e.max.txt d3e.min.txt d3r.max.txt d3r.min.txt d3n.max.txt d3n.min.txt +clean-d3: + rm -f d3*.txt +# D.4 +d4e.eps: d3e.max.txt d3e.min.txt d4e.gnuplot + ./d4e.gnuplot +d4r.eps: d3r.max.txt d3r.min.txt d4r.gnuplot + ./d4r.gnuplot +d4n.eps: d3n.max.txt d3n.min.txt d4n.gnuplot + ./d4n.gnuplot +d4: d4e.eps d4r.eps d4n.eps +clean-d4: + rm -f d4*.eps fit.log + + +#### PUNTO E #### +e: e1 e2 e3 e4 +clean-e: clean-e1 clean-e2 clean-e3 clean-e4 +# E.1 +e1e.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e t 2 1250 100000 > e1e.txt +e1e.eps: e1e.txt e1e.gnuplot + ./e1e.gnuplot +e1r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r t 2 1250 400 > e1r.txt +e1r.eps: e1r.txt e1r.gnuplot + ./e1r.gnuplot +e1n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n t 2 1250 625 > e1n.txt +e1n.eps: e1n.txt e1n.gnuplot + ./e1n.gnuplot +e1: e1e.eps e1r.eps e1n.eps +clean-e1: + rm -f e1*.txt e1*.eps +# E.2 +e2e.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 e t 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > e2e.txt +e2r.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 r t 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > e2r.txt +e2n.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 n t 2 5000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > e2n.txt +e2.eps: e2e.txt e2r.txt e2n.txt periodo.gnuplot + sed "s/

/e/g" periodo.gnuplot | sed "s//sin/g" | \ + sed "s//con/g" | sed "s// turbulenta/g" | \ + gnuplot +e2: e2.eps +clean-e2: + rm -f e2*.txt e2.eps +# E.3 +e3e.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e t 2 405 100000 > e3e.txt +e3e.max.txt: e3e.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max e3e.txt > e3e.max.txt +e3e.min.txt: e3e.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min e3e.txt > e3e.min.txt +e3r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r t 2 405 1000 > e3r.txt +e3r.max.txt: e3r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max e3r.txt > e3r.max.txt +e3r.min.txt: e3r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min e3r.txt > e3r.min.txt +e3n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n t 2 405 190 > e3n.txt +e3n.max.txt: e3n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max e3n.txt > e3n.max.txt +e3n.min.txt: e3n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min e3n.txt > e3n.min.txt +e3: e3e.max.txt e3e.min.txt e3r.max.txt e3r.min.txt e3n.max.txt e3n.min.txt +clean-e3: + rm -f e3*.txt +# E.4 +e4r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r t 2 50000 100000 > e4r.txt +e4r.max.txt: e4r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max e4r.txt > e4r.max.txt +e4r.min.txt: e4r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min e4r.txt > e4r.min.txt +e4r.eps: e4r.max.txt e4r.min.txt e4r.gnuplot + ./e4r.gnuplot +e4n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n t 2 50000 25000 > e4n.txt +e4n.max.txt: e4n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max e4n.txt > e4n.max.txt +e4n.min.txt: e4n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min e4n.txt > e4n.min.txt +e4n.eps: e4n.max.txt e4n.min.txt e4n.gnuplot + ./e4n.gnuplot +e4: e4r.eps e4n.eps +clean-e4: + rm -f e4*.txt e4*.eps + + +#### PUNTO F #### +f: f1 f2 f3 f4 +clean-f: clean-f1 clean-f2 clean-f3 clean-f4 +# E.1 +f1e.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e d 0.03 5000 100000 > f1e.txt +f1e.eps: f1e.txt f1e.gnuplot + ./f1e.gnuplot +f1r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r d 0.03 5000 1000 > f1r.txt +f1r.eps: f1r.txt f1r.gnuplot + ./f1r.gnuplot +f1n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n d 0.03 5000 2500 > f1n.txt +f1n.eps: f1n.txt f1n.gnuplot + ./f1n.gnuplot +f1: f1e.eps f1r.eps f1n.eps +clean-f1: + rm -f f1*.txt f1*.eps +# E.2 +f2e.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 e d 0.03 40000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > f2e.txt +f2r.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 r d 0.03 40000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > f2r.txt +f2n.txt: 77891 calcula_periodo + ./77891 n d 0.03 40000 100000 | ./calcula_periodo /dev/stdin > f2n.txt +f2.eps: f2e.txt f2r.txt f2n.txt periodo.gnuplot + sed "s/

/f/g" periodo.gnuplot | sed "s//con/g" | \ + sed "s//con/g" | sed "s// turbulenta/g" | \ + gnuplot +f2: f2.eps +clean-f2: + rm -f f2*.txt f2.eps +# E.3 +f3e.txt: 77891 + ./77891 e d 0.03 3400 340000 > f3e.txt +f3e.max.txt: f3e.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max f3e.txt > f3e.max.txt +f3e.min.txt: f3e.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min f3e.txt > f3e.min.txt +f3r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r d 0.03 3400 3400 > f3r.txt +f3r.max.txt: f3r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max f3r.txt > f3r.max.txt +f3r.min.txt: f3r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min f3r.txt > f3r.min.txt +f3n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n d 0.03 3400 1700 > f3n.txt +f3n.max.txt: f3n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max f3n.txt > f3n.max.txt +f3n.min.txt: f3n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min f3n.txt > f3n.min.txt +f3: f3e.max.txt f3e.min.txt f3r.max.txt f3r.min.txt f3n.max.txt f3n.min.txt +clean-f3: + rm -f f3*.txt +# E.4 +f4r.txt: 77891 + ./77891 r d 0.03 350000 100000 > f4r.txt +f4r.max.txt: f4r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max f4r.txt > f4r.max.txt +f4r.min.txt: f4r.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min f4r.txt > f4r.min.txt +f4r.eps: f4r.max.txt f4r.min.txt f4r.gnuplot + ./f4r.gnuplot +f4n.txt: 77891 + ./77891 n d 0.03 350000 175000 > f4n.txt +f4n.max.txt: f4n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin max f4n.txt > f4n.max.txt +f4n.min.txt: f4n.txt calcula_maxmin + ./calcula_maxmin min f4n.txt > f4n.min.txt +f4n.eps: f4n.max.txt f4n.min.txt f4n.gnuplot + ./f4n.gnuplot +f4: f4r.eps f4n.eps +clean-f4: + rm -f f4*.txt f4*.eps + + +#### Informe #### +informe.ps: informe.lyx c1 c2 c3 d1 d2 d4 e1 e2 e4 f1 f2 f4 + lyx -e ps informe.lyx + +informe.pdf: informe.lyx c1 c2 c3 d1 d2 d4 e1 e2 e4 f1 f2 f4 + lyx -e pdf informe.lyx + +informe.tex: informe.lyx c1 c2 c3 d1 d2 d4 e1 e2 e4 f1 f2 f4 + lyx -e latex informe.lyx +informe: informe.ps informe.pdf informe.tex +clean-informe: + rm -f informe.ps informe.tex informe.pdf diff --git a/README b/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6859d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: + +Trabajo Práctico I de Análisis Numérico II + +$URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/README $ +$Date: 2002-12-01 03:16:07 -0300 (dom, 01 dic 2002) $ +$Rev: 34 $ +$Author: luca $ + +Para generar el Informe del trabajo práctico basta con hacer: + + make all + +(ver Makefile para otras opciones) + +Para que esto funcione debe tener instalados los siguientes programas: +* GNU make - http://www.gnu.org/software/make/ (o compatible) +* GNU GCC - http://gcc.gnu.org/ (o compilador de C++ compatible) +* gnuplot - http://www.gnuplot.info/ +* LyX - http://www.lyx.org/ +* OpenOffice - http://www.openoffice.org/ +* PHP4 - http://www.php.net/ (compilado como cgi) + +El gnuplot es necesario para generar los gráficos, el LyX es +necesario para generar el informe (y es probable que necesite otras +herramientas para generar el informe en distintos formatos). +El OpenOffice es opcional ya que se incluye en el paquete el gráfico +resultante en formato Postscript. El PHP4 es necesario para calcular +los máximos y mínimos y el período. + +Todos los programas de este paquete se encuentran bajo licencia GPL y +los documentos bajo licencia GFDL. Ambas se incluyen en el paquete. diff --git a/c1e.gnuplot b/c1e.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..63d0bc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/c1e.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/c1e.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-24 19:55:46 -0300 (dom, 24 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 29 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "c1e.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Euler para el caso sin depósitos y sin fricción" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:440] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z) para k = 0.0044" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Altura (z) para k = 0.44" +set y2range [-25:25] +set y2tics -25, 5 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'c1e_k0.0044.txt' using 1:2 title "k = 0.0044" with lines linetype 3, \ + 'c1e_k0.44.txt' using 1:2 axes x1y2 title "k = 0.44" with lines linetype 1 diff --git a/c1n.gnuplot b/c1n.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..c258914 --- /dev/null +++ b/c1n.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/c1n.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-24 19:55:46 -0300 (dom, 24 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 29 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "c1n.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Nystrom para el caso sin depósitos y sin fricción" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:440] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'c1n.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'c1n.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/c1r.gnuplot b/c1r.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..6fb99bc --- /dev/null +++ b/c1r.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/c1r.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-24 19:55:46 -0300 (dom, 24 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 29 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "c1r.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por RK4 para el caso sin depósitos y sin fricción" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:440] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'c1r.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'c1r.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/c3c.gnuplot b/c3c.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..c0ff391 --- /dev/null +++ b/c3c.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/c3c.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-12-02 18:03:21 -0300 (lun, 02 dic 2002) $ +# $Rev: 35 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "c3c.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Resolución gráfica del análisis de conservación para RK4." +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Paso k" +set xrange [0:10] +set mxtics 5 + +# Plotea +plot x**4 * .02**2 / 4 - x**8 * .02**4 / 2304 - 2 - x**6 * .02**2 / 48 - \ + x**2 * .02 + x**4 * .02**2 / 24 + abs( x**8 * .02**4 / 2304 + \ + x**5 * .02**3 / 32 - x**3 * .02**2 / 6 - 3 * x**2 * .02 / 2 ) notitle diff --git a/c3o.gnuplot b/c3o.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..05e45e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/c3o.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/c3o.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-12-02 18:03:21 -0300 (lun, 02 dic 2002) $ +# $Rev: 35 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "c3o.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Resolución gráfica del análisis de oscilación para RK4." +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Paso k" +set xrange [0:51] +set mxtics 5 + +# Plotea +plot x**4 * .02**3 / 576 + x**3 * .02**2 / 8 - x * .04 / 3 - 6 notitle diff --git a/calcula_maxmin b/calcula_maxmin new file mode 100755 index 0000000..5686d76 --- /dev/null +++ b/calcula_maxmin @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +#!/usr/bin/php4 -qC + +// +// Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +// y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +// License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +// o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +// +// Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +// útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +// implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +// particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +// detalles. +// +// Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +// License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +// Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +// Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +// +// $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/calcula_maxmin $ +// $Date: 2002-12-01 02:26:18 -0300 (dom, 01 dic 2002) $ +// $Rev: 33 $ +// $Author: luca $ +// + +// Muestra ayuda. +if ( $argc < 3 ) { + echo "Modo de uso:\n"; + echo "$argv[0] modo archivo\n"; + echo "Donde modo es 'max' para calcular los máximos o 'min' para calcular los mínimos.\n"; + exit; +} + +// Abre archivos y obtiene datos iniciales. +$f = fopen( $argv[2], 'r' ) + or die( "Error al abrir $argv[2] para lectura.\n" ); +$s = fgets( $f, 4096 ) + or die( "El archivo $argv[2] está vacío.\n" ); +list( $t0, $z0, $dz0 ) = preg_split( '/\s/', $s ); + +// El primer valor siempre es un máximo. +if ( $argv[1] == 'max' ) + echo "$t0 $z0\n"; + +// Procesa archivo calculando máximos y mínimos. +while ( ( $s = fgets( $f, 4096 ) ) !== false ) { + // Obtiene datos. + list( $t, $z, $dz ) = preg_split( '/\s/', $s ); + // Se fija si la derivada es un "cero decreciente" (si es un máximo). + if ( $argv[1] == 'max' and $dz0 > 0 and ( $dz < 0 or $dz == 0 ) ) + if ( $z0 > $z ) + echo "$t0 $z0\n"; + else + echo "$t $z\n"; + // Se fija si la derivada es un "cero creciente" (si es un mínimo). + if ( $argv[1] == 'min' and $dz0 < 0 and ( $dz > 0 or $dz == 0 ) ) + if ( $z0 < $z ) + echo "$t0 $z0\n"; + else + echo "$t $z\n"; + // Actualiza valores anteriores. + $t0 = $t; + $z0 = $z; + $dz0 = $dz; +} + +fclose( $f ); + +?> diff --git a/calcula_periodo b/calcula_periodo new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b58e39e --- /dev/null +++ b/calcula_periodo @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +#!/usr/bin/php4 -qC + +// +// Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +// y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +// License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +// o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +// +// Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +// útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +// implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +// particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +// detalles. +// +// Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +// License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +// Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +// Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +// +// $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/calcula_periodo $ +// $Date: 2002-12-01 02:26:18 -0300 (dom, 01 dic 2002) $ +// $Rev: 33 $ +// $Author: luca $ +// + +// Muestra ayuda. +if ( $argc < 2 ) { + echo "Modo de uso:\n"; + echo "$argv[0] archivo\n"; + exit; +} + +// Abre archivo y obtiene datos iniciales. +$f = fopen( $argv[1], 'r' ); +$s = fgets( $f, 4096 ) + or die( "El archivo está vacío o no se pudo abrir.\n" ); +list( $t0, $z0 ) = preg_split( '/\s/', $s ); + +// Procesa archivo calculando período. +$t_ant = 0; +$c = 0; +$t_sum = 0; +$t_max = 0; +$tt_max = 0; +$t_min = 5000; +$tt_min = 0; +while ( ( $s = fgets( $f, 4096 ) ) !== false ) { + // Obtiene datos. + list( $t, $z ) = preg_split( '/\s/', $s ); + // Se fija si es un "cero decreciente". + if ( $z0 > 0 and ( $z < 0 or $z == 0 ) ) { + if ( $t_ant ) { + $t_actual = $t - $t_ant; + if ( $t_actual > $t_max ) { + $t_max = $t_actual; + $tt_max = $t; + } + if ( $t_actual < $t_min ) { + $t_min = $t_actual; + $tt_min = $t; + } + echo "$t_actual\n"; + $t_sum += $t_actual; + $t_ant = $t; + $c++; + } else { + $t_ant = $t; + } + } + // Actualiza valores anteriores. + $t0 = $t; + $z0 = $z; +} + +fclose( $f ); + +// Imprime período. +echo "Períodos promedio: " . $t_sum / $c . " ($c períodos promediados)\n"; +echo "Período máximo: $t_max (en t = $tt_max)\n"; +echo "Período mínimo: $t_min (en t = $tt_min)\n"; + +?> diff --git a/d1e.gnuplot b/d1e.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..bfe67f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/d1e.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/d1e.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-24 19:55:46 -0300 (dom, 24 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 29 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "d1e.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Euler para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:2500] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'd1e.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1 diff --git a/d1n.gnuplot b/d1n.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..de02e10 --- /dev/null +++ b/d1n.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/d1n.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-30 18:54:58 -0300 (sáb, 30 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 32 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "d1n.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Nystrom para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:2500] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'd1n_k2.0.txt' using 1:2 title "k = 2.0" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'd1n_k0.0625.txt' using 1:2 title "k = 0.0625" with lines linetype 3 diff --git a/d1r.gnuplot b/d1r.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..10fddbc --- /dev/null +++ b/d1r.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/d1r.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-24 19:55:46 -0300 (dom, 24 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 29 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "d1r.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por RK4 para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:2500] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'd1r.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1 diff --git a/d4e.gnuplot b/d4e.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..26c7627 --- /dev/null +++ b/d4e.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/d4e.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "d4e.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Euler en el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:300000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set mytics 5 + +# Primero aproximo por una recta para hallar valores aproximados de los parámetros. +M(x) = a - b * x +m(x) = -c - d * x +fit M(x) 'd3e.max.txt' using 1:2 via a, b +fit m(x) 'd3e.min.txt' using 1:2 via c, d + +# Ahora ahora la verdadera aproximación con una exponencial. +M(x) = a * exp( -b * x ) +m(x) = -c * exp( -d * x ) +fit M(x) 'd3e.max.txt' using 1:2 via a, b +fit m(x) 'd3e.min.txt' using 1:2 via c, d + +# Plotea +plot M(x) title "Función aproximante de máximos" with lines linetype 1, \ + m(x) title "Función aproximante de mínimos" with lines linetype 8 + +# Se muestran las funciones aproximantes utilizadas. +print "Funciones aproximantes:" +print "M(x) = ", a, " * exp( -", b, " * x )" +print "m(x) = -", c, " * exp( -", d, " * x )" diff --git a/d4n.gnuplot b/d4n.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..a96909b --- /dev/null +++ b/d4n.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/d4n.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "d4n.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Nystrom en el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:90000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set mytics 5 + +# Primero aproximo por una recta para hallar valores aproximados de los parámetros. +M(x) = a - b * x +m(x) = -c - d * x +fit M(x) 'd3n.max.txt' using 1:2 via a, b +fit m(x) 'd3n.min.txt' using 1:2 via c, d + +# Ahora ahora la verdadera aproximación con una exponencial. +M(x) = a * exp( -b * x ) +m(x) = -c * exp( -d * x ) +fit M(x) 'd3n.max.txt' using 1:2 via a, b +fit m(x) 'd3n.min.txt' using 1:2 via c, d + +# Plotea +plot M(x) title "Función aproximante de máximos" with lines linetype 1, \ + m(x) title "Función aproximante de mínimos" with lines linetype 8 + +# Se muestran las funciones aproximantes utilizadas. +print "Funciones aproximantes:" +print "M(x) = ", a, " * exp( -", b, " * x )" +print "m(x) = -", c, " * exp( -", d, " * x )" diff --git a/d4r.gnuplot b/d4r.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..10c6734 --- /dev/null +++ b/d4r.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/d4r.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "d4r.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Estimación del tiempo de reposo para RK4 en el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:90000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set mytics 5 + +# Primero aproximo por una recta para hallar valores aproximados de los parámetros. +M(x) = a - b * x +m(x) = -c - d * x +fit M(x) 'd3r.max.txt' using 1:2 via a, b +fit m(x) 'd3r.min.txt' using 1:2 via c, d + +# Ahora ahora la verdadera aproximación con una exponencial. +M(x) = a * exp( -b * x ) +m(x) = -c * exp( -d * x ) +fit M(x) 'd3r.max.txt' using 1:2 via a, b +fit m(x) 'd3r.min.txt' using 1:2 via c, d + +# Plotea +plot M(x) title "Función aproximante de máximos" with lines linetype 1, \ + m(x) title "Función aproximante de mínimos" with lines linetype 8 + +# Se muestran las funciones aproximantes utilizadas. +print "Funciones aproximantes:" +print "M(x) = ", a, " * exp( -", b, " * x )" +print "m(x) = -", c, " * exp( -", d, " * x )" diff --git a/diagrama.eps b/diagrama.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cfb6211 --- /dev/null +++ b/diagrama.eps @@ -0,0 +1,962 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 397 340 +%%Pages: 0 +%%Creator: Sun Microsystems, Inc. +%%Title: none +%%CreationDate: none +%%LanguageLevel: 2 +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: SDRes +/b4_inc_state save def +/dict_count 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b/diagrama.sxd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25801ad Binary files /dev/null and b/diagrama.sxd differ diff --git a/e1e.gnuplot b/e1e.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..e9e77bc --- /dev/null +++ b/e1e.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/e1e.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "e1e.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Euler para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:1250] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'e1e.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'e1e.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/e1n.gnuplot b/e1n.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..83ec7ae --- /dev/null +++ b/e1n.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/e1n.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "e1n.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Nystrom para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:1250] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'e1n.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'e1n.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/e1r.gnuplot b/e1r.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..73e6704 --- /dev/null +++ b/e1r.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/e1r.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "e1r.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por RK4 para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:1250] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'e1r.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'e1r.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/e4n.gnuplot b/e4n.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..32453bf --- /dev/null +++ b/e4n.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/e4n.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "e4n.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Nystrom en el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:50000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'e4n.max.txt' title "Máximos" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'e4n.min.txt' title "Mínimos" with lines linetype 8 diff --git a/e4r.gnuplot b/e4r.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..fa26365 --- /dev/null +++ b/e4r.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/e4r.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-25 03:26:50 -0300 (lun, 25 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 30 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "e4r.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Estimación del tiempo de reposo para RK4 en el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:50000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'e4r.max.txt' title "Máximos" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'e4r.min.txt' title "Mínimos" with lines linetype 8 diff --git a/f1e.gnuplot b/f1e.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..0f2e7c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/f1e.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/f1e.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-30 03:48:32 -0300 (sáb, 30 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 31 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "f1e.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Euler para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:5000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'f1e.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'f1e.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/f1n.gnuplot b/f1n.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..3cb5bee --- /dev/null +++ b/f1n.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/f1n.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-30 03:48:32 -0300 (sáb, 30 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 31 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "f1n.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por Nystrom para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:5000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'f1n.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'f1n.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/f1r.gnuplot b/f1r.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..0a765b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/f1r.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/f1r.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-30 03:48:32 -0300 (sáb, 30 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 31 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "f1r.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Solución por RK4 para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:5000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set ytics nomirror +set yrange [-3.5:3.5] +set ytics -3.5, 0.5 +set mytics 5 + +# Eje Y secundario. +set y2label "Velocidad (z')" +set y2range [-0.5:0.5] +set y2tics -0.5, 0.1 +set my2tics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'f1r.txt' using 1:2 title "z" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'f1r.txt' using 1:3 axes x1y2 title "z'" with lines linetype 7 diff --git a/f4n.gnuplot b/f4n.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..cead045 --- /dev/null +++ b/f4n.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/f4n.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-30 18:54:58 -0300 (sáb, 30 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 32 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "f4n.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Nystrom en el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:350000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'f4n.max.txt' title "Máximos" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'f4n.min.txt' title "Mínimos" with lines linetype 8 diff --git a/f4r.gnuplot b/f4r.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..69bb80c --- /dev/null +++ b/f4r.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/f4r.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-30 18:54:58 -0300 (sáb, 30 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 32 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "f4r.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Estimación del tiempo de reposo para RK4 en el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo (t)" +set xrange [0:350000] +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Altura (z)" +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot 'f4r.max.txt' title "Máximos" with lines linetype 1, \ + 'f4r.min.txt' title "Mínimos" with lines linetype 8 diff --git a/informe.lyx b/informe.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..740c2b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/informe.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,8073 @@ +#LyX 1.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 218 +\textclass book +\language spanish +\inputencoding auto +\fontscheme pslatex +\graphics default +\float_placement hbtp +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage widemarginsa4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 2 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Análisis Numérico I +\newline +Trabajo Práctico N° 2 +\layout Author + +Leandro Lucarella (77.891) +\layout Date + +$Date: 2002-12-05 03:19:47 -0300 (jue, 05 dic 2002) $ +\newline +$Rev: 36 $ +\layout Standard + +Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella. +\layout Standard + +Tiene permiso para copiar, distribuir y/o modificar este documento bajo + los términos de la GNU Free Documentation License (Licencia de Documentación + Libre GNU), Versión 1.1 o cualquier versión posterior publicada por la Free + Software Foundation (Fundación de Software Libre); sin Invariant Sections + (Secciones Invariantes), sin Front-Cover Texts (Texto de Portada-Delantera), + y sin Back-Cover Texts (Texto de Portada-Trasera). + Puede obtener una copia de la licencia en inglés en +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt} + +\end_inset + + o en español (sin validez legal) en +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.geocities.com/larteaga/gnu/gfdl.html} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \listoffigures{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \listoftables{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introducción. +\layout Section + +Objetivo. +\layout Standard + +Resolver un problema práctico implementando distintas metodologías de discretiza +ción de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias. + Analizar el sistema físico bajo estudio y comparar las técnicas de resolución. +\layout Section + +Introducción: Oscilación de líquidos +\layout Standard + +Se estudiará un transitorio hidráulico, consistente en el movimiento de + un fluido luego que es apartado de su condición de equilibrio gravitatorio. + Como caso particular se presenta la oscilación entre dos depósitos comunicados + como se indica en la figura +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 368 283 +file diagrama.eps +width 1 13 +height 1 10 +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:diagrama} + +\end_inset + +Esquema del modelo físico. +\end_float +, donde +\begin_inset Formula \( z_{1} \) +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Formula \( z_{2} \) +\end_inset + + son los apartamientos de las superficies de los depósitos respecto de las + posiciones de equilibrio, +\begin_inset Formula \( A_{1} \) +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Formula \( A_{2} \) +\end_inset + + son las áreas horizontales de los depósitos (supuestas constantes), +\begin_inset Formula \( L \) +\end_inset + + es la longitud de la tubería de comunicación y +\begin_inset Formula \( L \) +\end_inset + + su sección (considerada circular). +\layout Standard + +Considerando un fluido incompresible resulta +\begin_inset Formula \( z\cdot A=z\cdot A_{1}=z\cdot A_{2} \) +\end_inset + +, con +\begin_inset Formula \( z \) +\end_inset + + el desplazamiento de una partícula de fluido dentro de la tubería y respecto + de su posición de equilibrio. + Así, la ecuación de movimiento del sistema es: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:ec_dif_fisica} +\frac{\textrm{d}^{2}z}{dt^{2}}+\phi _{(z)}\cdot \frac{dz}{dt}+\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot z=0 +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +con +\begin_inset Formula \( t \) +\end_inset + + el tiempo, +\begin_inset Formula \( g \) +\end_inset + + la aceleración de la gravedad, +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)} \) +\end_inset + + un factor asociado a pérdidas por fricción y +\begin_inset Formula \( G \) +\end_inset + + un factor geométrico. + Como condiciones iniciales se considerarán: +\begin_inset Formula \( z_{(0)}=\Delta z \) +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula \( \left. \frac{dz}{dt}\right| _{0}=0 \) +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Chapter + +Discretización. +\layout Standard + +La ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:ec_dif_fisica} + +\end_inset + + se deberá discretizar utilizando cada uno de los siguientes esquemas: +\layout Itemize + +Euler explícito (E) +\layout Itemize + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4 (RK4) +\layout Itemize + +Nystrom (N) +\layout Section + +Euler y Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +Estos métodos se construyen de forma similar. + Primero, al tratarse de una ecuación diferencial de segundo grado, hay + que hacer un cambio de variables y plantear un sistema de dos ecuaciones: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:cambio_variables} +\left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} +x=z & \Rightarrow & \frac{dx}{dt}=\frac{dz}{dt}\\ +y=\frac{dx}{dt}=\frac{dz}{dt} & \Rightarrow & \frac{dy}{dt}=\frac{d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}=\frac{d^{2}z}{dt^{2}} +\end{array}\right. +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:sist_ec_dif} +\Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{lllll} +\frac{dx}{dt} & = & y & = & f_{x_{(t,x,y)}}\\ +\frac{dy}{dt} & = & -\phi _{\left( x,y_{(x)}\right) }\cdot y-\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot x & = & f_{y_{(t,x,y)}} +\end{array}\right. +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +ahora discretizamos le sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales de primer grado + según el método. +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:euler} +\left\{ \begin{array}{lllll} +x_{n+1} & = & x_{n}+k\cdot f_{x_{\left( t_{n},x_{n},y_{n}\right) }} & = & x_{n}+k\cdot y_{n}\\ +y_{n+1} & = & y_{n}+k\cdot f_{y_{\left( t_{n},x_{n},y_{n}\right) }} & = & y_{n}-k\cdot \left( \phi _{\left( x_{n},y_{n}\right) }\cdot y_{n}+\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot x_{n}\right) +\end{array}\right. +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:rk4} +\begin{array}{l} +\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} +q_{x_{1}} & = & k\cdot f_{x_{\left( t_{n},x_{n},y_{n}\right) }}\\ +q_{y_{1}} & = & k\cdot f_{y_{\left( t_{n},x_{n},y_{n}\right) }} +\end{array}\right. \\ +\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} +q_{x_{2}} & = & k\cdot f_{x_{\left( t_{n}+\frac{k}{2},x_{n}+\frac{q_{x_{1}}}{2},y_{n}+\frac{q_{y_{1}}}{2}\right) }}\\ +q_{y_{2}} & = & k\cdot f_{y_{\left( t_{n}+\frac{k}{2},x_{n}+\frac{q_{x_{1}}}{2},y_{n}+\frac{q_{y_{1}}}{2}\right) }} +\end{array}\right. \\ +\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} +q_{x_{3}} & = & k\cdot f_{x_{\left( t_{n}+\frac{k}{2},x_{n}+\frac{q_{x_{2}}}{2},y_{n}+\frac{q_{y_{2}}}{2}\right) }}\\ +q_{y_{3}} & = & k\cdot f_{y_{\left( t_{n}+\frac{k}{2},x_{n}+\frac{q_{x_{2}}}{2},y_{n}+\frac{q_{y_{2}}}{2}\right) }} +\end{array}\right. \\ +\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} +q_{x_{4}} & = & k\cdot f_{x_{\left( t_{n}+k,x_{n}+q_{x_{3}},y_{n}+q_{y_{3}}\right) }}\\ +q_{y_{4}} & = & k\cdot f_{y_{\left( t_{n}+k,x_{n}+q_{x_{3}},y_{n}+q_{y_{3}}\right) }} +\end{array}\right. \\ +\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} +x_{n+1} & = & x_{n}+\frac{1}{6}\cdot \left( q_{x_{1}}+2\cdot q_{x_{2}}+2\cdot q_{x_{3}}+q_{x_{4}}\right) \\ +y_{n+1} & = & y_{n}+\frac{1}{6}\cdot \left( q_{y_{1}}+2\cdot q_{y_{2}}+2\cdot q_{y_{3}}+q_{y_{4}}\right) +\end{array}\right. +\end{array} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +La construcción del método de Nystrom difiere de las anteriores ya que no + es necesario hacer un sistema de ecuaciones. + Nystrom parte del operador centrado +\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{d^{2}z}{dt^{2}}=f_{\left( t,z,\frac{dz}{dt}\right) } \) +\end_inset + +, por lo que se obtiene un método de paso múltiple (2 pasos). + Resulta entonces +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:operador_centrado} +\frac{x_{n+1}-2\cdot x_{n}+x_{n-1}}{k^{2}}\approx \left. \frac{d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}\right| _{n}=f_{\left( t,x,\frac{dx}{dt}\right) } +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +donde +\begin_inset Formula \( x \) +\end_inset + + es la discretización de +\begin_inset Formula \( z \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Desarrollando la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:ec_dif_fisica} + +\end_inset + + obtenemos +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:nystrom_inicial} +\frac{x_{n+1}-2\cdot x_{n}+x_{n-1}}{k^{2}}+\phi _{(x)}\frac{x_{n+1}-x_{n-1}}{2\cdot k}+\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot x_{n}=0 +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +finalmente, despejando +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:nystrom} +x_{n+1}=\frac{\left( \phi _{(x)}-1\right) \cdot x_{n-1}+\left( 2-\frac{g\cdot G\cdot k^{2}}{L}\right) \cdot x_{n}}{\phi _{(x)}+1} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Obtención de valores iniciales. +\layout Standard + +Hay que tener en cuenta que como el método de Nystrom necesita 2 valores + iniciales para arrancar, necesitamos obtener el dato correspondiente a + +\begin_inset Formula \( x_{1} \) +\end_inset + +. + Este valor es obtenido por medio de una aproximación, considerando a la + solución una función par. + De esta manera suponemos que +\begin_inset Formula \( x_{-1}=x_{1} \) +\end_inset + + y evaluamos la función discretizada (ver ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{math:nystrom_inicial} + +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:nystrom_valor_inicial} +\begin{array}{r} +\frac{x_{1}-2\cdot x_{0}+x_{-1}}{k^{2}}+\phi _{(x)}\frac{x_{1}-x_{-1}}{2\cdot k}+\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot x_{0}=0\\ +\frac{x_{1}-2\cdot x_{0}+x_{1}}{k^{2}}+\phi _{(x)}\frac{x_{1}-x_{1}}{2\cdot k}+\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot x_{0}=0\\ +\frac{2\cdot x_{1}-2\cdot x_{0}}{k^{2}}+\phi _{(x)}\frac{0}{2\cdot k}+\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot x_{0}=0\\ +\frac{2}{k^{2}}\cdot \left( x_{1}-x_{0}\right) +\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot x_{0}=0\\ +x_{1}-x_{0}+\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\cdot x_{0}=0\\ +x_{1}+\left( \frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}-1\right) \cdot x_{0}=0 +\end{array} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +obteniendo un valor aproximado +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:nystrom_val_ini} +x_{1}=\left( 1-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\right) \cdot x_{0} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +siendo +\begin_inset Formula \( x_{0} \) +\end_inset + + dato del problema. +\layout Subsection + +Aproximación de la derivada primera. +\layout Standard + +Para construir la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:nystrom} + +\end_inset + + supusimos un problema lineal aunque el coeficiente +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)} \) +\end_inset + + no siempre lo es. + En los casos donde +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)}\propto \left| \frac{dz}{dt}\right| \) +\end_inset + + hacemos una aproximación simple +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{mat:nystrom_aprox_derivada} +\left| \frac{dz}{dt}\right| \approx \left| \frac{dx}{dt}\right| \cong \left| \frac{x_{n}-x_{n-1}}{k}\right| +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +No podemos utilizar un operador centrado para hacer la aproximación quedaría + en función de +\begin_inset Formula \( x_{n+1} \) +\end_inset + + y al tratarse del valor absoluto sería imposible despejarlo para calcular + el paso siguiente como en la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:nystrom} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Valores iniciales. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:valores_iniciales} + +\end_inset + +Se toman los siguientes valores iniciales: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( D=0.5\, [m] \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( n=10^{-6}\, \left[ \frac{m^{2}}{s}\right] \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( g=9.8\, \left[ \frac{m^{2}}{s}\right] \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( f=0.03\, [-] \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( L=(3\textrm{ últimas cifras del Padrón})+1\, [m]=892\, [m] \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( L_{e}=1.2\, [m] \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( \Delta z=\frac{\sqrt{L}}{10}\, [m]=1070.4\, [m] \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( A_{1}=100A \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Formula \( A_{2}=50A \) +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Caso sin depósitos y sin fricción. +\layout Standard + +Si se desprecian los efectos resistivos y se considera un tubo en U resulta + +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)}=0 \) +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula \( G=2 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Gráfico de la solución en el tiempo. +\layout Standard + +Se grafican aproximadamente 10 períodos de la solución. + La solución teórica es conservativa por lo que se espera que la solución + numérica también lo sea, aunque como se verá, no siempre es así. +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file c1e.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:euler_c1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por Euler para el caso sin depósitos ni fricción. +\end_float + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:euler_diverge} + +\end_inset + +La solución por este método diverge casi de forma incondicional. + En la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:euler_c1} + +\end_inset + +podemos ver como al graficar variando el paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k \) +\end_inset + +, el método es mínimamente estable sólo si +\begin_inset Formula \( k \) +\end_inset + + es extremadamente pequeño. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file c1r.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:rk4_c1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por RK4 para el caso sin depósitos ni fricción. +\end_float +Luego de probar algunas variantes para el paso, se grafica la solución para + un paso de +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.44 \) +\end_inset + +. + Con este paso la solución parece ser bastante precisa y hasta se podría + haber tomado un paso considerablemente mayor. + Los resultados pueden verse en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:rk4_c1} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:rk4_estable} + +\end_inset + +A partir de un paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k=5 \) +\end_inset + + la solución parece ser estable. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file c1n.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:nystrom_c1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por Nystrom para el caso sin depósitos ni fricción. +\end_float + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nystrom_paso_minimo} + +\end_inset + +Al igual que con el método RK4, se prueban algunos pasos y se utiliza +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.44 \) +\end_inset + +, aunque el método es estable y da resultados aparentemente válidos con + un paso del orden de +\begin_inset Formula \( k=10 \) +\end_inset + +. + Los resultados pueden verse en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:nystrom_c1} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Determinación del período. +\layout Standard + +El valor teórico del período es +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =\pi \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2\cdot L}{g}}=42.387154 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:calculo_periodo} + +\end_inset + +Para hallar el período numéricamente, se estiman los +\emph on +ceros +\emph default + +\emph on +decrecientes +\emph default + de la solución. + Llamamos +\emph on +cero decreciente +\emph default + al punto donde la función cruza el eje de las abscisas en dirección decreciente. + También puede ser visto como el punto donde la derivada primera es mínima. + La diferencia entre un +\emph on +cero decreciente +\emph default + y el siguiente es tomado como el período de la función. + Para calcularlo resolvió la ecuación númericamente hasta un +\begin_inset Formula \( t=5000 \) +\end_inset + +, aproximadamente 120 períodos, con un paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.05 \) +\end_inset + + para no perder mucha precisión. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file c2.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:periodo_c} + +\end_inset + +Evolución del Período para el caso sin depósitos y sin fricción +\end_float + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:periodo_analisis} + +\end_inset + +Podemos ver en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:periodo_c} + +\end_inset + + que el período se comporta de la misma forma para todos los métodos analizados. + Vemos que sufre una variación leve cerca del período 24 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 1000 \) +\end_inset + +) y otra más +\emph on +brusca +\emph default + cerca del período 95 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 4000 \) +\end_inset + +). + Cabe destacar que la variación +\emph on +brusca +\emph default + es del orden de +\begin_inset Formula \( 0.5\% \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:periodo_euler_c2} + +\end_inset + +A pesar de los problemas nombrados en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:euler_diverge} + +\end_inset + +, el período calculado por Euler da un valor muy cercano al teórico: +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =42.382906 \) +\end_inset + +, lo que daría un error porcentual de +\begin_inset Formula \( e=0.01\% \) +\end_inset + +. + Cabe destacar que para el paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k \) +\end_inset + + utilizado la solución diverge, pero el período no parece verse afectado. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4 y Nystrom. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:periodo_rk4_nystrom_c2} + +\end_inset + +Es curioso, ambos métodos promedian un período exactamente igual: +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =42.382051 \) +\end_inset + +. + Es aún más curioso que este resultado sea más lejano al teórico que el + de Euler, aunque por poco. + La diferencia es mínima y el error porcentual se mantiene en +\begin_inset Formula \( e=0.01\% \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Análisis de conservación. +\layout Standard + +Para analizar si el método es conservativo se propone igualar la solución + numérica con la solución matemática: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:conservacion} +u_{n}\approx c\cdot e^{\alpha \cdot t}\approx c\cdot e^{\alpha \cdot n\cdot k}=c\cdot \left( e^{\alpha \cdot k}\right) ^{n}=c\cdot \gamma ^{n} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Para que el método oscile, +\begin_inset Formula \( \gamma \) +\end_inset + + debe ser complejo y tener parte imaginaria: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:gamma_imaginario} +\gamma \neq \overline{\gamma }\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \Im _{(\gamma )}\neq 0 +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +y para que el método sea conservativo, +\begin_inset Formula \( \gamma \) +\end_inset + + debe tener módulo 1: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:gamma_modulo_1} +\left| \gamma \right| =\sqrt{\Re ^{2}_{(\gamma )}+\Im ^{2}_{(\gamma )}}=1\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \left| \gamma \right| ^{2}=\Re ^{2}_{(\gamma )}+\Im ^{2}_{(\gamma )}=1 +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +Como +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)}=0 \) +\end_inset + +, según la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:euler} + +\end_inset + + resulta: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} +x_{n+1} & = & x_{n}+k\cdot y_{n}\\ +y_{n+1} & = & y_{n}-\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot k\cdot x_{n} +\end{array}\right. \] + +\end_inset + +reemplazando con la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:conservacion} + +\end_inset + + y expresándolo matricialmente obtenemos: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\cdot \gamma ^{n+1}\\ +C_{y}\cdot \gamma ^{n+1} +\end{array}\right) & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1 & k\\ +-k\cdot \frac{g\cdot G}{L} & 1 +\end{array}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\cdot \gamma ^{n}\\ +C_{y}\cdot \gamma ^{n} +\end{array}\right) \\ +\left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\cdot \gamma \\ +C_{y}\cdot \gamma +\end{array}\right) & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1 & k\\ +-k\cdot \frac{g\cdot G}{L} & 1 +\end{array}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\\ +C_{y} +\end{array}\right) \\ +\left( \begin{array}{c} +0\\ +0 +\end{array}\right) & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1-\gamma & k\\ +-k\cdot \frac{g\cdot G}{L} & 1-\gamma +\end{array}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\\ +C_{y} +\end{array}\right) +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Para que la matriz tenga otra solución además de la trivial: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\det \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1-\gamma & k\\ +-k\cdot \frac{g\cdot G}{L} & 1-\gamma +\end{array}\right) =0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \left( 1-\gamma \right) ^{2}+k\cdot \frac{g\cdot G}{L}=0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \gamma =1\pm i\cdot k\cdot \sqrt{\frac{g\cdot G}{L}}\] + +\end_inset + +para que el método resulte oscilatorio, se debe cumplir la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:gamma_imaginario} + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\Im _{(\gamma )}\neq 0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad k\neq 0\] + +\end_inset + +por lo tanto, para que el método de Euler oscile, debe cumplirse +\begin_inset Formula \( k\neq 0 \) +\end_inset + + lo que no agrega ninguna limitación. + Por otro lado para que el método sea conservativo debe cumplirse la ecuación + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:gamma_modulo_1} + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left| \gamma \right| ^{2}=1+k^{2}\cdot \left| \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right| =1\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad k=0\] + +\end_inset + +por lo tanto, el método de Euler diverge para cualquier valor de +\begin_inset Formula \( k \) +\end_inset + + ya que +\begin_inset Formula \( \left| \gamma \right| >1\quad \forall k>0 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:rk4_conservacion} + +\end_inset + +Lo primero que hay que hacer es expresar el método de forma más simple, + en un sólo par de ecuaciones. + Teniendo en cuenta que +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)}=0 \) +\end_inset + +, reemplazando y desarrollando la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:rk4} + +\end_inset + + obtenemos: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} +x_{n+1} & = & \left( 1-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\right) \cdot x_{n}+\frac{k}{2}\cdot \left( 1-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{3\cdot L}\right) \cdot y_{n}\\ +y_{n+1} & = & \left( \frac{k^{3}}{2}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{L}\right) \cdot x_{n}+\left( 1+\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\right) \cdot y_{n} +\end{array}\right. \] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +reemplazando con la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:conservacion} + +\end_inset + + y expresándolo matricialmente obtenemos: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\cdot \gamma ^{n+1}\\ +C_{y}\cdot \gamma ^{n+1} +\end{array}\right) & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L} & \frac{k}{2}\cdot \left( 1-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{3\cdot L}\right) \\ +\frac{k^{3}}{2}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{L} & 1+\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L} +\end{array}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\cdot \gamma ^{n}\\ +C_{y}\cdot \gamma ^{n} +\end{array}\right) \\ +\left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\cdot \gamma \\ +C_{y}\cdot \gamma +\end{array}\right) & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L} & \frac{k}{2}\cdot \left( 1-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{3\cdot L}\right) \\ +\frac{k^{3}}{2}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{L} & 1+\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L} +\end{array}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\\ +C_{y} +\end{array}\right) \\ +\left( \begin{array}{c} +0\\ +0 +\end{array}\right) & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}-\gamma & \frac{k}{2}\cdot \left( 1-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{3\cdot L}\right) \\ +\frac{k^{3}}{2}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k\cdot g\cdot G}{L} & 1+\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot \left( \frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) ^{2}-\frac{k^{2}\cdot g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}-\gamma +\end{array}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{x}\\ +C_{y} +\end{array}\right) +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Para que la matriz tenga otra solución además de la trivial +\begin_inset Formula \( \left( a=\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\right) \) +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\det \left( \begin{array}{cc} +1-\frac{k^{2}}{2}\cdot a-\gamma & \frac{k}{2}\cdot \left( 1-\frac{k}{3}\cdot a\right) \\ +\frac{k^{3}}{2}\cdot a^{2}-k\cdot a & 1+\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot a^{2}-\frac{k^{2}}{2}\cdot a-\gamma +\end{array}\right) & = & 0\\ +\left( 1-\frac{k^{2}}{2}\cdot a-\frac{k^{3}}{6}\cdot a^{2}-\frac{7\cdot k^{4}}{24}\cdot a^{2}+\frac{k^{5}}{32}\cdot a^{3}+\frac{k^{6}}{48}\cdot a^{3}\right) +\left( k^{2}\cdot a-\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot a^{2}-2\right) \cdot \gamma +\gamma ^{2} & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +resultando: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\gamma =\frac{-\left( k^{2}\cdot a-\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot a^{2}-2\right) \pm \sqrt{\frac{k^{8}\cdot a^{4}}{576}+\frac{k^{5}\cdot a^{3}}{8}-\frac{2\cdot k^{3}\cdot a^{2}}{3}-6\cdot k^{2}\cdot a}}{2}\] + +\end_inset + + para que el método resulte oscilatorio, se debe cumplir la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:gamma_imaginario} + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\Im _{(\gamma )}\neq 0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \frac{k^{8}\cdot a^{4}}{576}+\frac{k^{5}\cdot a^{3}}{8}-\frac{2\cdot k^{3}\cdot a^{2}}{3}-6\cdot k^{2}\cdot a<0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \frac{k^{4}\cdot a^{3}}{576}+\frac{k^{3}\cdot a^{2}}{8}-\frac{k\cdot 2\cdot a}{3}-6<0\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file c3o.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:oscilacion_rk4} + +\end_inset + +Análisis de oscilación para RK4. +\end_float +Como la inecuación resultante es muy compleja de resolver analíticamente + se la resolvió gráficamente y se ve en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:oscilacion_rk4} + +\end_inset + + que para un paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k<51 \) +\end_inset + + el método se comporta de forma oscilatoria. +\layout Standard + +Por otro lado para que el método sea conservativo debe cumplirse la ecuación + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:gamma_modulo_1} + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\left| \gamma \right| ^{2}=\left( \frac{k^{2}\cdot a-\frac{k^{4}}{24}\cdot a^{2}-2}{2}\right) ^{2}+\left( \frac{\sqrt{\frac{k^{8}\cdot a^{4}}{576}+\frac{k^{5}\cdot a^{3}}{8}-\frac{2\cdot k^{3}\cdot a^{2}}{3}-6\cdot k^{2}\cdot a}}{2}\right) ^{2} & = & 1\\ +\frac{k^{4}\cdot a^{2}}{4}-\frac{k^{8}\cdot a^{4}}{2304}-2-\frac{k^{6}\cdot a^{2}}{48}-k^{2}\cdot a+\frac{k^{4}\cdot a^{2}}{24}+\left| \frac{k^{8}\cdot a^{4}}{2304}+\frac{k^{5}\cdot a^{3}}{32}-\frac{k^{3}\cdot a^{2}}{6}-\frac{3\cdot k^{2}\cdot a}{2}\right| & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file c3c.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:convergencia_rk4} + +\end_inset + +Análisis de convergencia para RK4. +\end_float +Nuevamente obtenemos una ecuación muy compleja de resolver analíticamente. + En la figura se presenta la resulución gráfica en donde observamos que + el método converge para cualquier +\begin_inset Formula \( k>0 \) +\end_inset + +. + Sin embargo para un +\begin_inset Formula \( k<7 \) +\end_inset + + aproximadamente vemos que tiende a converger lentamente, mientras que para + +\begin_inset Formula \( k>7 \) +\end_inset + + tiende a converger de forma mucho más brusca (y cada vez más acentuada). +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +Como +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)}=0 \) +\end_inset + +, según la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:nystrom} + +\end_inset + + resulta: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x_{n+1}=\left( 2-\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot k^{2}\right) \cdot x_{n}-x_{n-1}\] + +\end_inset + + reemplazando con la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:conservacion} + +\end_inset + +, obtenemos: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left. \begin{array}{lll} +\gamma ^{n+1} & = & \left( 2-\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot k^{2}\right) \cdot \gamma ^{n}-\gamma ^{n-1}\\ +\gamma ^{2} & = & \left( 2-\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot k^{2}\right) \cdot \gamma -1\\ +0 & = & \gamma ^{2}-\left( 2-\frac{g\cdot G}{L}\cdot k^{2}\right) \cdot \gamma +1 +\end{array}\right\} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \gamma =\left( 1-\frac{g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\cdot k^{2}\right) \pm \sqrt{\left( 1-\frac{g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\cdot k^{2}\right) ^{2}-1}\] + +\end_inset + +para que el método resulte oscilatorio, se debe cumplir la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{math:gamma_imaginario} + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\Im _{(\gamma )}\neq 0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \Im _{\left( \sqrt{\left( 1-\frac{g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\cdot k^{2}\right) ^{2}-1}\right) }\neq 0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \left( 1-\frac{g\cdot G}{2\cdot L}\cdot k^{2}\right) ^{2}-1<0\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad 0 + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Euler ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.00405 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +RK4 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.405 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nystrom ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2.13158 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +42.3839 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98417 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +42.525 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.97792 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +40.5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.9732 +\end_inset + + + + 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+\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.95371 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +166.263 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.95007 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +211.826 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.97431 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +211.814 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.94593 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +208.895 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.94901 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +254.146 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.97185 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +254.339 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.93841 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +251.526 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.93633 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +296.618 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.96941 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +296.864 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.92969 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +294.158 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.91215 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +339.098 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.96695 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +338.984 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.92212 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +334.658 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.90121 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +381.578 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.96449 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +381.509 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.91458 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +377.29 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.91229 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:max_d} + +\end_inset + +Valores de excursión máxima para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar. +\end_float +\begin_float tab +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Euler ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.0039 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +RK4 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.39 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nystrom ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=1.95 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +21.189 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.9854 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +21.06 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.982 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +19.1842 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.98138 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +63.5839 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.98293 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +63.5849 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.97451 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +61.8158 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.9621 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +105.984 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.98047 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +106.11 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.96579 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +104.447 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.93124 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +148.345 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.978 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +148.23 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.95791 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +144.947 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.94622 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +190.665 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.97554 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +190.755 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.9504 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +187.579 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.951 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +232.986 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.97308 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +233.279 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.94167 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +230.21 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.94412 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +275.379 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.97063 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +275.399 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.934 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +272.842 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.92567 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +317.858 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.96817 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +317.924 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.92647 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +315.474 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.89578 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +360.338 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.96572 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +360.449 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.91775 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +355.974 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.90819 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +402.818 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.96327 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +402.569 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.91028 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +398.606 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.9135 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:min_d} + +\end_inset + +Valores de excursión mínima para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción laminar. +\end_float +Pueden verse los resultados en los cuadros +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab:max_d} + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab:min_d} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tiempo_reposo} + +\end_inset + +Para estimar el tiempo de reposo se calculó los máximos de la solución igual + que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:max_min_d} + +\end_inset + + pero para una mayor cantidad de períodos (aproximadamente 1200 en un principio). + Luego se ajustaron los datos por mínimos cuadrados a través de una función: + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:aproximacion_minimos_cuadrados} +z_{(t)}=a\cdot e^{-b\cdot t} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Luego de comparar los resultados con cada vez menor cantidad de períodos, + se observo que la calidad de la aproximación no empeoraba, incluso al utilizar + sólo los primeros 10 períodos obtenidos en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:max_min_d} + +\end_inset + +, al menos para el método RK4. +\layout Standard + +Consideramos que se llega al reposo cuando +\begin_inset Formula \( \left| z\right| \leq 0.01 \) +\end_inset + +, por lo que si despejamos +\begin_inset Formula \( t \) +\end_inset + + de la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{math:aproximacion_minimos_cuadrados} + +\end_inset + +, resulta: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\label{math:reposo} +t\geq \frac{\ln \left| a\right| -\ln (z)}{b}=\frac{\ln \left| a\right| -\ln (0.01)}{b}=\frac{\ln \left| a\right| +4.60517}{b} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file d4e.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:euler_d4} + +\end_inset + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Euler. +\end_float +No tiene mucho sentido la estimación por Euler, ya que se pone en evidencia + la tendencia a divergir de este método y se obtienen resultados poco precisos + cuando se los compara con RK4 o incluso Nystrom, que no es muy estable + para este caso. + Aún así se presentan los resultados del ajuste de los máximos y mínimos + obtenidos en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:max_min_d} + +\end_inset + + en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:euler_d4} + +\end_inset + + porque no tiene sentido aproximar con más períodos porque el paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k \) +\end_inset + + debería ser extremadamente pequeño para que no diverja. + La funciones aproximantes resultaron: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +z^{\max }_{(t)}=2.986634\cdot e^{-1.95\cdot 10^{-5}\cdot t}\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +z^{\min }_{(t)}=-2.986629\cdot e^{-1.95\cdot 10^{-5}\cdot t}\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Para hallar el tiempo de reposo estimado reemplazamos en la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{math:reposo} + +\end_inset + + obteniendo +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong \frac{\ln (2.98663)+4.60517}{1.95\cdot 10^{-5}}\cong 292272\cong 300000 \) +\end_inset + + como se aprecia en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:euler_d4} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file d4r.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:rk4_d4} + +\end_inset + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo para RK4. +\end_float +Como se explico en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tiempo_reposo} + +\end_inset + +, a pesar de ser posible calcular los máximos y mínimos para muchos más + períodos que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:max_min_d} + +\end_inset + +, no es necesario ya que con estos datos se obtiene una precisión que no + es mejorada considerablemente aumentando la cantidad de períodos evaluados. +\layout Standard + +La funciones aproximantes resultaron: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +z^{\max }_{(t)}=2.9862768\cdot e^{-6.4\cdot 10^{-5}\cdot t}\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +z^{\min }_{(t)}=-2.9862509\cdot e^{-6.4\cdot 10^{-5}\cdot t}\] + +\end_inset + +Para hallar el tiempo de reposo estimado reemplazamos en la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{math:reposo} + +\end_inset + + obteniendo +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong \frac{\ln (2.98626)+4.60517}{6.4\cdot 10^{-5}}\cong 89049\cong 90000 \) +\end_inset + + como se aprecia en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:rk4_d4} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file d4n.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:nystrom_d4} + +\end_inset + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Nystrom. +\end_float +Al igual que con RK4, y a pesar de que para el caso de este método la variación + de los máximos y mínimos no es monótona, se obtienen resultados precisos + utilizando los datos del punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:max_min_d} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +La funciones aproximantes resultaron: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +z^{\max }_{(t)}=2.977926\cdot e^{-6.68\cdot 10^{-5}\cdot t}\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +z^{\min }_{(t)}=-2.732692\cdot e^{-6.06\cdot 10^{-5}\cdot t}\] + +\end_inset + +Para hallar el tiempo de reposo estimado reemplazamos en la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{math:reposo} + +\end_inset + + obteniendo +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong \frac{\ln (2.975)+4.60517}{6.37\cdot 10^{-5}}\cong 89409\cong 90000 \) +\end_inset + + como se aprecia en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:nystrom_d4} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Chapter + +Caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\layout Standard + +Considerando flujo turbulento y un tubo en U resulta +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)}=\frac{f}{2\cdot D}\left| \frac{dz}{dt}\right| \) +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula \( G=2 \) +\end_inset + +, siendo +\begin_inset Formula \( f \) +\end_inset + + el factor de fricción. +\layout Section + +Gráfico de la solución en el tiempo. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:graficos_e} + +\end_inset + +Se grafican aproximadamente 25 períodos de la solución. + La solución converge de forma más rápida que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:graficos_d} + +\end_inset + +, por lo que se pueden tomar menos períodos lográndose ver el efecto de + la convergencia. + Se incluyen la derivada primera en los gráficos. +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file e1e.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:euler_e1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por Euler para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Como la convergencia es más violenta en este caso, no es necesario tomar + un paso tan pequeño para Euler. + Al tomarse un +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.0125 \) +\end_inset + + vemos en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:euler_e1} + +\end_inset + + que el método se comporta de manera razonable. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file e1r.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:rk4_e1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por RK4 para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Nuevamente este método se comporta de forma estable para un paso bastante + grande. + El la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:rk4_e1} + +\end_inset + + se grafica con un +\begin_inset Formula \( k=3.125 \) +\end_inset + +, con el cual comienza a comportarse de forma estable. + A medida que se disminuye el paso conserva el comportamiento. + Si se toma un paso un poco mayor converge rápidamente, y si el paso es + mucho mayor, diverge rápidamente. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file e1n.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:nystrom_e1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por Nystrom para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +El método se comporta de la misma forma que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:nystrom_converge} + +\end_inset + +, por lo que solamente se grafica para un paso estable +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2 \) +\end_inset + + como se ve en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:nystrom_e1} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Determinación del período. +\layout Standard + +En este caso no podemos calcular, al menos de forma simple, el valor teórico + del período. +\layout Standard + +Para hallar el período numéricamente se utilizó el mismo método que en el + punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:calculo_periodo} + +\end_inset + +, con un paso de +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.05 \) +\end_inset + + y resolviendo hasta +\begin_inset Formula \( t=5000\cong 120 \) +\end_inset + + períodos. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file e2.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:periodo_e} + +\end_inset + +Evolución del Período para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Podemos ver en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:periodo_e} + +\end_inset + + que el período se comporta de la misma forma que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:periodo_analisis} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +Al igual que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:periodo_euler_c2} + +\end_inset + +, el período obtenido, a pesar de la divergencia, es +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =42.381624 \) +\end_inset + +, similar al hallado en los casos anteriores. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +El período hallado por este método no sólo es similar a los hallados en + casos anteriores, es igual: +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =42.382051 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +Al igual que con Euler, el período hallado es muy similar al de los casos + anteriores: +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =42.383419 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Valores de excursión máxima y mínima del menisco. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:max_min_e} + +\end_inset + +A diferencia del punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:max_min_d} + +\end_inset + +, el método de Nystrom para este caso evoluciona de forma monótona con un + paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k\cong 2 \) +\end_inset + +. + Por lo demás es muy similar. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float tab +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Euler ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.00405 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +RK4 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.405 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nystrom ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2.13158 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +42.4325 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.41423 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +42.525 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.4099 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +40.5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.43704 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +84.8608 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.02668 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +85.0499 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.01941 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +83.1316 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.04639 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +127.281 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.74685 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +127.17 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.7389 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +123.632 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.78361 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +169.619 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.53529 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +169.695 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.52657 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +166.263 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.58168 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +211.955 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.36974 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +212.219 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.36003 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +208.895 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.41523 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +254.283 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.23665 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +254.339 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.22663 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +251.526 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.2743 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +296.765 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.12732 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +296.864 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.11716 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +292.026 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.15909 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +339.252 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.03592 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +339.389 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.02529 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +334.658 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.07448 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +381.736 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.958364 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +381.509 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.947538 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +377.29 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.997706 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:max_e} + +\end_inset + +Valores de excursión máxima para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +\begin_float tab +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Euler ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.0039 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +RK4 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.39 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nystrom ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=1.95 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +21.2173 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.66993 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +21.06 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.66681 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +19.1842 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.686 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +63.6487 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.20344 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +63.5849 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.19796 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +61.8158 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.22681 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +106.073 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.87632 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +106.11 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.86909 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +102.316 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.90256 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +148.451 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.6342 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +148.635 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.62538 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +144.947 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.67739 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +190.787 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.44776 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +190.755 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.43851 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +187.579 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.49474 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +233.119 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.29977 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +233.279 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.29016 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +230.21 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.34204 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +275.521 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.17943 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +275.804 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.16917 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +272.842 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.21128 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +318.008 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.07967 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +317.924 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.06917 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +313.342 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.11568 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +360.492 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.995614 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +360.449 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.985082 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +355.974 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.03522 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +402.98 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.923832 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +402.974 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.912937 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +398.606 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.961757 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:min_e} + +\end_inset + +Valores de excursión mínima para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Pueden verse los resultados en los cuadros +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab:max_e} + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab:min_e} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo. +\layout Standard + +Para estimar el tiempo de reposo se probó el método utilizado en el punto + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:tiempo_reposo} + +\end_inset + +, pero no se pudo hallar una buena función aproximante, por lo tanto simplemente + se buscó la solución hasta hallar el mismo valor límite de +\begin_inset Formula \( z=0.01 \) +\end_inset + + que para el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tiempo_reposo} + +\end_inset + +. + Para el método de Euler no se justifica calcular la estimación, ya que + basándonos en los valores obtenidos por otros métodos hay que llegar a + un +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 50000 \) +\end_inset + + para lo que serían necesario un paso muy pequeño para que no diverja. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file e4r.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:rk4_e4} + +\end_inset + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo para RK4. +\end_float +Para hallar la estimación simplemente se resolvió la ecuación hasta que + +\begin_inset Formula \( z\leq 0.01 \) +\end_inset + +. + Esto sucedió para +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 50000 \) +\end_inset + + utilizando un paso de +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.5 \) +\end_inset + + como se observa en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:rk4_e4} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file e4n.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:nystrom_e4} + +\end_inset + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Nystrom. +\end_float +Al igual que para RK4, simplemente se resolvió la ecuación hasta que +\begin_inset Formula \( z\leq 0.01 \) +\end_inset + +. + Esto también sucedió para +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 50000 \) +\end_inset + + pero utilizando un paso mucho mayor +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2 \) +\end_inset + + conservando la precisión, como se observa en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:nystrom_e4} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Chapter + +Caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\layout Standard + +Considerando flujo turbulento y el sistema hidráulico de la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{fig:diagrama} + +\end_inset + +, resulta +\begin_inset Formula \( \phi _{(z)}=\frac{f}{2\cdot D}\cdot \frac{L_{e}}{L}\left| \frac{dz}{dt}\right| \) +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula \( G=A\cdot \left( \frac{1}{A_{1}}+\frac{1}{A_{2}}\right) \) +\end_inset + +, siendo +\begin_inset Formula \( L_{e} \) +\end_inset + + un factor de pérdidas de carga, +\begin_inset Formula \( A \) +\end_inset + + la sección del tubo y +\begin_inset Formula \( A_{i} \) +\end_inset + + la sección horizontal del depósito. +\layout Standard + +Considerando los valores iniciales (ver punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:valores_iniciales} + +\end_inset + +), vemos que +\begin_inset Formula \( G \) +\end_inset + + es constante: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +G=A\cdot \left( \frac{1}{A_{1}}+\frac{1}{A_{2}}\right) =A\cdot \left( \frac{1}{100\cdot A}+\frac{1}{50\cdot A}\right) =A\cdot \frac{1+2}{100\cdot A}=\frac{3}{100}=0.03\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Gráfico de la solución en el tiempo. +\layout Standard + +Se grafican aproximadamente 15 períodos de la solución. + La solución converge de forma más rápida que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:graficos_e} + +\end_inset + + y con un período mayor, por lo que se pueden tomar menos períodos lográndose + ver el efecto de la convergencia. + Se incluyen la derivada primera en los gráficos. +\layout Standard + +Los métodos se comportan igual que en los casos anteriores, al menos para + la cantidad de períodos graficados. +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file f1e.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:euler_f1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por Euler para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Como la convergencia es más violenta en este caso, no es necesario tomar + un paso tan pequeño para Euler. + Al tomarse un +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.05 \) +\end_inset + + vemos en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:euler_f1} + +\end_inset + + que el método se comporta de manera razonable. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file f1r.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:rk4_f1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por RK4 para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Nuevamente este método se comporta de forma estable para un paso bastante + grande. + El la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:rk4_f1} + +\end_inset + + se grafica con un +\begin_inset Formula \( k=5 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file f1n.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:nystrom_f1} + +\end_inset + +Solución por Nystrom para el caso sin depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Volvemos a observar que el método es solamente estable para valores de +\begin_inset Formula \( k\cong 2 \) +\end_inset + +. + En la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:nystrom_f1} + +\end_inset + + se grafica para un paso estable +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Determinación del período. +\layout Standard + +En este caso al igual que en el anterior no podemos calcular, al menos de + forma simple, el valor teórico del período. +\layout Standard + +Para hallar el período numéricamente se utilizó el mismo método que en el + punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:calculo_periodo} + +\end_inset + +, con un paso de +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.04 \) +\end_inset + + y resolviendo hasta +\begin_inset Formula \( t=40000\cong 120 \) +\end_inset + + períodos. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file f2.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:periodo_f} + +\end_inset + +Evolución del Período para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +Podemos ver en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:periodo_f} + +\end_inset + + que el período se comporta de la misma forma que en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:periodo_analisis} + +\end_inset + +. + Cabe destacar que para este caso el período aproximadamente 10 veces superior + al de los casos anteriores, por lo que el período 24 se alcanza en +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 8300 \) +\end_inset + + y el período 95 en +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 33000 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +Nuevamente, a pesar de la divergencia, el período +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =346.03739 \) +\end_inset + + parece ser bastante preciso, al menos al compararlo con los resultados + obtenidos con los otros métodos. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +El período hallado con este método es: +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =346.04435 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +El período hallado con este método es: +\begin_inset Formula \( \tau =346.04695 \) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Valores de excursión máxima y mínima del menisco. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:max_min_f} + +\end_inset + +Pueden verse los resultados en los cuadros +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab:max_f} + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab:min_f} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float tab +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Euler ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.01 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +RK4 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=1 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nystrom ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2.98664 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +346.627 +\end_inset + 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Standard + +1.09995 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2078 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.09738 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2076 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1.09701 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2426.23 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.995414 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2424 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.992764 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2422 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.99246 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2772.71 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.90907 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2770 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.906352 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2768 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.90611 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3119.2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.836549 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3116 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.833774 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3114 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0.833586 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:max_f} + +\end_inset + +Valores de excursión máxima para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +\begin_float tab +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Euler ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=0.01 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +RK4 ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=1 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nystrom ( +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2 \) +\end_inset + +) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Tiempo (t) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Altura (z) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +173.314 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.61227 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +173 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.61152 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +172 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.61105 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +520.026 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.08906 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +520 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.08754 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +518 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2.08701 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +866.724 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.74075 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +866 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.73878 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +864 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.7383 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1213.34 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.49216 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1212 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.48988 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1210 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.4895 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1559.91 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.30582 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1559 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.3034 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1556 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.30304 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1906.45 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.16094 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1905 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.15842 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1902 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.15807 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2252.97 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.04507 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2251 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.04246 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2248 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1.04214 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2599.47 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.950282 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2597 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.947593 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2594 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.947306 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2945.96 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.871298 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2943 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.86855 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2940 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.868298 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3292.44 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.804476 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3290 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.801688 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3286 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0.801451 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:min_f} + +\end_inset + +Valores de excursión mínima para el caso con depósitos y con fricción turbulenta. +\end_float +\layout Section + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo. +\layout Standard + +Para estimar el tiempo de reposo se probó el método utilizado en el punto + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:tiempo_reposo} + +\end_inset + +, pero no se pudo hallar una buena función aproximante, por lo tanto se + resolvió igual que en el caso anterior, buscando una solución hasta hallar + el valor límite de +\begin_inset Formula \( z=0.01 \) +\end_inset + + que para el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tiempo_reposo} + +\end_inset + +. + Para el método de Euler no se justifica calcular la estimación, ya que + basándonos en los valores obtenidos por otros métodos hay que llegar a + un +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 350000 \) +\end_inset + + para lo que serían necesario un paso muy pequeño para que se note su tendencia + a divergir. +\layout Subsection + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file f4r.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:rk4_f4} + +\end_inset + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo para RK4. +\end_float +Para hallar la estimación simplemente se resolvió la ecuación hasta que + +\begin_inset Formula \( z\leq 0.01 \) +\end_inset + +. + Esto sucedió para +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 350000 \) +\end_inset + + utilizando un paso de +\begin_inset Formula \( k=3.5 \) +\end_inset + + como se observa en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:rk4_f4} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +\begin_float fig +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Figure size 360 252 +file f4n.eps +flags 11 + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:nystrom_f4} + +\end_inset + +Estimación del tiempo de reposo para Nystrom. +\end_float +Al igual que para RK4, simplemente se resolvió la ecuación hasta que +\begin_inset Formula \( z\leq 0.01 \) +\end_inset + +. + Esto también sucedió para +\begin_inset Formula \( t\cong 350000 \) +\end_inset + + pero utilizando un el único paso estable para Nystrom, +\begin_inset Formula \( k=2 \) +\end_inset + +, como se observa en la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:nystrom_f4} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Chapter + +Conclusiones. +\layout Standard + +Este trabajo práctico sirvió para ver las ventajas y desventajas de cada + método para distintas situaciones. + En términos generales se pueden hacer las siguientes observaciones sobre + cada método en particular. +\layout Section + +Euler. +\layout Standard + +El método de Euler es un método que en la práctica sólo sirve para darse + una idea de cual es la forma de la solución a grandes rasgos. + Al buscar algo de estabilidad y precisión con este método se ven rápidamente + sus falencias y para hacer cálculos levemente precisos es necesario un + gran número de iteraciones. + A pesar de esto tiene como ventaja ser un método muy simple, característica + que facilita el análisis teórico para evaluar su comportamiento y su implementa +ción computacional. +\layout Section + +Runge-Kutta de orden 4. +\layout Standard + +Este método se comporta de forma muy estable en todas las situaciones y + aún con pasos relativamente grandes. + A pesar de esto es un método lento (evalúa la función +\begin_inset Formula \( f_{(t,x)} \) +\end_inset + + de la ecuación diferencial 4 veces por iteración) esto no se convierte + en un problema por la posibilidad de usar un paso grande sin perder precisión + ni estabilidad. + Como desventaja principal se puede nombrar que es un método complejo, no + tanto de implementar pero sí de analizar teóricamente para predecir su + comportamiento (como se vio en el punto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:rk4_conservacion} + +\end_inset + +). + También pudimos comprobar experimentalmente que es un método conservativo, + al menos para los rangos de +\begin_inset Formula \( k \) +\end_inset + + que estuvimos trabajando. +\layout Section + +Nystrom. +\layout Standard + +El método de Nystrom sorprendió por su incondicional estabilidad y bajo + error para un paso +\begin_inset Formula \( k\cong 2 \) +\end_inset + + y su gran inestabilidad para pasos que no estén en este rango, ya sea convergie +ndo rápidamente (dejando de ser conservativo) como divergiendo rápidamente + (de manera tan brusca que ni pudo ser graficado). + El método no es tan complejo de analizar teóricamente, lo que facilita + un poco el predecir su comportamiento y es tal vez el más fácil de implementar + ya que no tiene que ser convertido en un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales + (aunque necesita un segundo valor inicial para arrancar, que puede ser + un problema si no se conoce en absoluto la ecuación que se está discretizando). + El hecho de que el paso deba ser del orden de +\begin_inset Formula \( k\cong 2 \) +\end_inset + + puede ser visto tanto como una ventaja como una desventaja, ya que no nos + permite analizar lo que pasa en la función en intervalos de tiempo pequeño + pero nos deja analizar que pasa en intervalos de tiempo relativamente grandes + con pocas iteraciones. +\layout Chapter + +Código Fuente. +\layout Section + +Programa Principal ( +\family typewriter +77891.cpp +\family default +). +\layout LyX-Code + +// vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +\layout LyX-Code + +// +\layout LyX-Code + +// Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +\layout LyX-Code + +// Este programa resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales +\layout LyX-Code + +// resultante de un problema físico de oscilación de líquidos. +\layout LyX-Code + +// Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +\layout LyX-Code + +// +\layout LyX-Code + +// Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +\layout LyX-Code + +// y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +\layout LyX-Code + +// License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +\layout LyX-Code + +// o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +\layout LyX-Code + +// +\layout LyX-Code + +// Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +\layout LyX-Code + +// útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +\layout LyX-Code + +// implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +\layout LyX-Code + +// particular. + Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +\layout LyX-Code + +// detalles. +\layout LyX-Code + +// +\layout LyX-Code + +// Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +\layout LyX-Code + +// License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +\layout LyX-Code + +// Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +\layout LyX-Code + +// Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +\layout LyX-Code + +// +\layout LyX-Code + +// $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/informe.lyx $ +\layout LyX-Code + +// $Date: 2002-12-05 03:19:47 -0300 (jue, 05 dic 2002) $ +\layout LyX-Code + +// $Rev: 36 $ +\layout LyX-Code + +// $Author: luca $ +\layout LyX-Code + +// +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Tipos de datos. +\layout LyX-Code + +typedef unsigned int Indice; +\layout LyX-Code + +typedef float Numero; +\layout LyX-Code + +struct Datos; +\layout LyX-Code + +typedef Numero (*Friccion)( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + +typedef Numero (*Funcion)( Datos&, Numero, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + +typedef void (*Metodo)( Datos& ); +\layout LyX-Code + +struct Datos { +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero to; // Tiempo inicial +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero tf; // Tiempo final +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero k; // Paso +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero xo; // X inicial = X(to) = Z(to) +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero yo; // Y inicial = Y(to) = X'(to) = Z'(to) +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero D; // Diametro del tubo +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero n; // Viscosidad cinemática del líquido +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero g; // Aceleración de la gravedad +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero f; // Factor de fricción +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero L; // Longitud del tubo +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero Le; // Factor de pérdida de carga +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero G; // Factor geométrico +\layout LyX-Code + + Funcion fx; // Función asociada a la derivada de x +\layout LyX-Code + + Funcion fy; // Función asociada a la derivada de y +\layout LyX-Code + + Friccion fi; // Factor asociado a pérdidas por fricción +\layout LyX-Code + +}; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Factor de fricción nulo. +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionNula( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Factor de fricción laminar. +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionLaminar( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Factor de fricción turbulenta. +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionTurbulenta( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Factor de fricción turbulenta (con depósitos). +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionTurbulentaConDepositos( Datos&, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Función asociada a la primera derivada (x'=z'). +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero funcionX( Datos&, Numero, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Función asociada a la segunda derivada (y'=x''=z''). +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero funcionY( Datos&, Numero, Numero, Numero ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Calcula la ecuación diferencial por el método de Euler. +\layout LyX-Code + +void euler( Datos& ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Calcula la ecuación diferencial por el método de Runge-Kutta de órden + 4. +\layout LyX-Code + +void rk4( Datos& ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Calcula la ecuación diferencial por el método de Nystrom. +\layout LyX-Code + +void nystrom( Datos& ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Constantes. +\layout LyX-Code + +const Numero DEFAULT_N = 1000, // Cantidad de pasos por defecto +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_to = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_tf = 440.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_xo = 2.9866369, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_yo = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_D = 0.5, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_n = 1e-6, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_g = 9.8, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_f = 0.03, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_L = 892.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_Le = 1070.4, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_G = 2.0; +\layout LyX-Code + +const Funcion DEFAULT_fx = &funcionX, +\layout LyX-Code + + DEFAULT_fy = &funcionY; +\layout LyX-Code + +const Friccion DEFAULT_fi = &friccionNula; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Se fija que tenga los argumentos necesarios para correr. +\layout LyX-Code + + if ( argc < 2 ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << "Faltan argumentos. + Modo de uso:" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +t" << argv[0] << " método fi G tf N to xo yo D n g f L Le" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << "Desde fi en adelante son opcionales. + Los valores por defecto son:" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tfi = n" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tG = " << DEFAULT_G << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +ttf = " << DEFAULT_tf << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tN = " << DEFAULT_N << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tto = " << DEFAULT_to << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +txo = " << DEFAULT_xo << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tyo = " << DEFAULT_yo << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tD = " << DEFAULT_D << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tn = " << DEFAULT_n << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tg = " << DEFAULT_g << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tf = " << DEFAULT_f << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tL = " << DEFAULT_L << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tLe = " << DEFAULT_Le << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + return EXIT_FAILURE; +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Selecciona el método deseado. +\layout LyX-Code + + Metodo metodo = NULL; +\layout LyX-Code + + switch ( char( argv[1][0] ) ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + case 'e': +\layout LyX-Code + + metodo = &euler; +\layout LyX-Code + + break; +\layout LyX-Code + + case 'r': +\layout LyX-Code + + metodo = &rk4; +\layout LyX-Code + + break; +\layout LyX-Code + + case 'n': +\layout LyX-Code + + metodo = &nystrom; +\layout LyX-Code + + break; +\layout LyX-Code + + default: +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << "Debe especificar un método válido:" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +te: Euler" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tr: Runge-Kutta 4" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tn: Nystrom" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + return EXIT_FAILURE; +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Se inicializan los datos. +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero N = DEFAULT_N; +\layout LyX-Code + + Datos D; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.to = DEFAULT_to; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.tf = DEFAULT_tf; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.k = ( D.tf - D.to ) / N; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.xo = DEFAULT_xo; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.yo = DEFAULT_yo; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.D = DEFAULT_D; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.n = DEFAULT_n; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.g = DEFAULT_g; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.f = DEFAULT_f; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.L = DEFAULT_L; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.Le = DEFAULT_Le; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.G = DEFAULT_G; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.fx = DEFAULT_fx; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.fy = DEFAULT_fy; +\layout LyX-Code + + D.fi = DEFAULT_fi; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Si se pasaron datos como argumento, se los va agregando. +\layout LyX-Code + + switch ( argc ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + case 15: D.Le = Numero( atof( argv[14] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 14: D.L = Numero( atof( argv[13] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 13: D.f = Numero( atof( argv[12] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 12: D.g = Numero( atof( argv[11] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 11: D.n = Numero( atof( argv[10] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 10: D.D = Numero( atof( argv[9] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 9: D.yo = Numero( atof( argv[8] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 8: D.xo = Numero( atof( argv[7] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 7: D.to = Numero( atof( argv[6] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 6: N = Numero( atof( argv[5] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 5: D.tf = Numero( atof( argv[4] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + // Se recalcula el paso (k) si se cambio to, N o tf. +\layout LyX-Code + + D.k = ( D.tf - D.to ) / N; +\layout LyX-Code + + case 4: D.G = Numero( atof( argv[3] ) ); +\layout LyX-Code + + case 3: switch ( char( argv[2][0] ) ) { // Tipo de fricción +\layout LyX-Code + + case 'n': +\layout LyX-Code + + D.fi = &friccionNula; +\layout LyX-Code + + break; +\layout LyX-Code + + case 'l': +\layout LyX-Code + + D.fi = &friccionLaminar; +\layout LyX-Code + + break; +\layout LyX-Code + + case 't': +\layout LyX-Code + + D.fi = &friccionTurbulenta; +\layout LyX-Code + + break; +\layout LyX-Code + + case 'd': +\layout LyX-Code + + D.fi = &friccionTurbulentaConDepositos; +\layout LyX-Code + + break; +\layout LyX-Code + + default: +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << "Debe especificar un tipo de fricción válido:" + << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tn: Nula" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tl: Laminar" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +tt: Turbulenta" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << " +\backslash +td: Turbulenta (con depósitos)" << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + return EXIT_FAILURE; +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Imprime el paso utilizado. +\layout LyX-Code + + cerr << "Paso k = " << D.k << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Ejecuta el método correspondiente con los datos correspondientes. +\layout LyX-Code + + metodo( D ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionNula( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + return 0.0; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionLaminar( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + return 32 * D.n / ( D.D * D.D ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionTurbulenta( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + return D.f * fabs( y ) / ( 2 * D.D ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero friccionTurbulentaConDepositos( Datos& D, Numero x, Numero y ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + return D.f * fabs( y ) * D.Le / ( 2 * D.D * D.L); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero funcionX( Datos& D, Numero t, Numero x, Numero y ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + return y; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +Numero funcionY( Datos& D, Numero t, Numero x, Numero y ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + return - D.fi( D, x, y ) * y - D.g * D.G * x / D.L; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +void euler( Datos& D ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero xo = D.xo, +\layout LyX-Code + + yo = D.yo, +\layout LyX-Code + + x = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + y = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + t = D.to; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + while ( t < D.tf ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Calculo los datos para este punto. +\layout LyX-Code + + x = xo + D.k * D.fx( D, t, xo, yo ); +\layout LyX-Code + + y = yo + D.k * D.fy( D, t, xo, yo ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Imprimo resultados. +\layout LyX-Code + + cout << t << " " << x << " " << y << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Reemplazo valores iniciales. +\layout LyX-Code + + xo = x; +\layout LyX-Code + + yo = y; +\layout LyX-Code + + t += D.k; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +void rk4( Datos& D ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero x = D.xo, +\layout LyX-Code + + y = D.yo, +\layout LyX-Code + + t = D.to, +\layout LyX-Code + + qx1 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + qx2 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + qx3 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + qx4 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + qy1 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + qy2 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + qy3 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + qy4 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + unSexto = 1.0 / 6.0; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Imprimo datos iniciales. +\layout LyX-Code + + cout << t << " " << x << " " << y << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + while ( t < D.tf ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Calculo los datos para este punto. +\layout LyX-Code + + qx1 = D.k * D.fx( D, t, x, y ); +\layout LyX-Code + + qy1 = D.k * D.fy( D, t, x, y ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + qx2 = D.k * D.fx( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx1 / 2.0, y + qy1 / 2.0 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + qy2 = D.k * D.fy( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx1 / 2.0, y + qy1 / 2.0 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + qx3 = D.k * D.fx( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx2 / 2.0, y + qy2 / 2.0 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + qy3 = D.k * D.fy( D, t + D.k / 2.0, x + qx2 / 2.0, y + qy2 / 2.0 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + qx4 = D.k * D.fx( D, t + D.k, x + qx3, y + qy3 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + qy4 = D.k * D.fy( D, t + D.k, x + qx3, y + qy3 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + x += unSexto * ( qx1 + 2 * qx2 + 2 * qx3 + qx4 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + y += unSexto * ( qy1 + 2 * qy2 + 2 * qy3 + qy4 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + t += D.k; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Imprimo resultados. +\layout LyX-Code + + cout << t << " " << x << " " << y << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +void nystrom( Datos& D ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + Numero gGk2_L = D.g * D.G * D.k * D.k / D.L, +\layout LyX-Code + + xo = D.xo, +\layout LyX-Code + + x1 = ( 1 - gGk2_L * 0.5 ) * D.xo, +\layout LyX-Code + + x2 = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + y = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + fi = 0.0, +\layout LyX-Code + + t = D.to; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Imprimo valores iniciales. +\layout LyX-Code + + cout << t << " " << xo << " " << y << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + y = ( x1 - xo ) / D.k; +\layout LyX-Code + + cout << t << " " << x1 << " " << y << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + while ( t < D.tf ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Calculo los datos para este punto. +\layout LyX-Code + + fi = D.fi( D, x1, y ); +\layout LyX-Code + + x2 = ( ( fi - 1 ) * xo + ( 2 - gGk2_L ) * x1 ) / ( fi + 1 ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Prepara para próxima iteración +\layout LyX-Code + + t += D.k; +\layout LyX-Code + + xo = x1; +\layout LyX-Code + + x1 = x2; +\layout LyX-Code + + y = ( x1 - xo ) / D.k; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + // Imprimo resultados. +\layout LyX-Code + + cout << t << " " << x2 << " " << y << endl; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout Section + +Utilidades. +\layout Standard + +Todas las utilidades listadas aquí son Software Libre; puede redistribuirlas + y/o modificarlas bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public License" como + lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", o (a su elección) de cualquier + versión posterior. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +calcula_periodo +\layout LyX-Code + +#!/usr/bin/php4 -qC +\layout LyX-Code + + 0 and ( $z < 0 or $z == 0 ) ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + if ( $t_ant ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + $t_actual = $t - $t_ant; +\layout LyX-Code + + if ( $t_actual > $t_max ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + $t_max = $t_actual; +\layout LyX-Code + + $tt_max = $t; +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + if ( $t_actual < $t_min ) { +\layout LyX-Code + + $t_min = $t_actual; +\layout LyX-Code + + $tt_min = $t; +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + echo "$t_actual +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + + $t_sum += $t_actual; +\layout LyX-Code + + $t_ant = $t; +\layout LyX-Code + + $c++; +\layout LyX-Code + + } else { +\layout LyX-Code + + $t_ant = $t; +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + // Actualiza valores anteriores. +\layout LyX-Code + + $t0 = $t; +\layout LyX-Code + + $z0 = $z; +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +fclose( $f ); +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +// Imprime período. +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "Períodos promedio: " . + $t_sum / $c . + " ($c períodos promediados) +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "Período máximo: $t_max (en t = $tt_max) +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "Período mínimo: $t_min (en t = $tt_min) +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +?> +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +calcula_maxmin +\layout LyX-Code + +#!/usr/bin/php4 -qC +\layout LyX-Code + + 0 and ( $dz < 0 or $dz == 0 ) ) +\layout LyX-Code + + if ( $z0 > $z ) +\layout LyX-Code + + echo "$t0 $z0 +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + + else +\layout LyX-Code + + echo "$t $z +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + + // Se fija si la derivada es un "cero creciente" (si es un mínimo). +\layout LyX-Code + + if ( $argv[1] == 'min' and $dz0 < 0 and ( $dz > 0 or $dz == 0 ) ) +\layout LyX-Code + + if ( $z0 < $z ) +\layout LyX-Code + + echo "$t0 $z0 +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + + else +\layout LyX-Code + + echo "$t $z +\backslash +n"; +\layout LyX-Code + + // Actualiza valores anteriores. +\layout LyX-Code + + $t0 = $t; +\layout LyX-Code + + $z0 = $z; +\layout LyX-Code + + $dz0 = $dz; +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + +fclose( $f ); +\layout LyX-Code + +?> +\the_end diff --git a/periodo.gnuplot b/periodo.gnuplot new file mode 100755 index 0000000..19b3a20 --- /dev/null +++ b/periodo.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +#!/usr/bin/gnuplot +# vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab: +# +# Trabajo Práctico II de Análisis Numérico I +# Genera gráficos con los resultados de las corridas utilizando +# GNU Plot. +# Copyright (C) 2002 Leandro Lucarella +# +# Este programa es Software Libre; usted puede redistribuirlo +# y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la "GNU General Public +# License" como lo publica la "FSF Free Software Foundation", +# o (a su elección) de cualquier versión posterior. +# +# Este programa es distribuido con la esperanza de que le será +# útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTIA; incluso sin la garantía +# implícita por el MERCADEO o EJERCICIO DE ALGUN PROPOSITO en +# particular. Vea la "GNU General Public License" para más +# detalles. +# +# Usted debe haber recibido una copia de la "GNU General Public +# License" junto con este programa, si no, escriba a la "FSF +# Free Software Foundation, Inc.", 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +# +# $URL: http://www.llucax.hn.org:81/svn/facultad/75.12/tp2/periodo.gnuplot $ +# $Date: 2002-11-30 03:48:32 -0300 (sáb, 30 nov 2002) $ +# $Rev: 31 $ +# $Author: luca $ +# + +# Seteo terminal para que "dibuje" en un PS. +set term postscript eps enhanced color +set encoding iso_8859_1 +set output "

2.eps" + +# Seteos generales. +set title "Evolución del período para el caso depósitos y fricción" +set key right top + +# Eje X. +set xlabel "Tiempo" +set mxtics 5 + +# Eje Y. +set ylabel "Período (s)" +set ytics nomirror +set mytics 5 + +# Plotea +plot '

2e.txt' every ::::110 title "Período con Euler" with lines linetype 1, \ + '

2r.txt' every ::::110 title "Período con RK4" with lines linetype 3, \ + '

2n.txt' every ::::110 title "Período con Nystrom" with lines linetype 7