1 Title: Understanding the current GC, conclusion
2 Tags: en, d, dgc, understanding the current gc, druntime, gc, mark-sweep, conclusion, book
4 Now that I know fairly deeply the implementation details about the current GC,
5 I can compare it to the techniques exposed in the `GC Book`_.
10 Since most literature speaks in terms of `the tri-colour abstraction`_, now
11 it's a good time to translate how this is mapped to the D_ GC implementation.
13 As we all remember__, each cell (bin) in D_ has several bits associated to them.
14 Only 3 are interesting in this case:
16 __ /blog/blog/tag/understanding%20the%20current%20gc
22 So, how we can translate this bits into `the tri-colour abstraction`_?
25 Cells that were marked and scanned (there are no pointer to follow) are
26 coloured black. In D_ this cells has the bits::
33 Cells that has been marked, but they have pointers to follow in them are
34 coloured grey. In D_ this cells has the bits::
41 Cells that has not been visited at all are coloured white (all cells should
42 be colored white before the marking starts). In D_ this cells has the bits::
51 The ``scan`` bit is not important in this case (but in D_ it should be
52 0 because scan bits are cleared before the mark phase starts). The ``free``
53 bit is used for the cells in the free list. They are marked before other
54 cells get marked with bits ``mark=1`` and ``free=1``. This way the cells in
55 the free list don't get scanned (``mark=1``, ``scan=0``) and are not
56 confused with **black** cells (``free=1``), so they can be kept in the free
57 list after the mark phase is done. I think this is only necessary because
58 the free list is regenerated.
64 Here is a summary of improvements proposed by the `GC Book`_, how the current
65 GC is implemented in regards to this improvements and what optimization
66 opportunities can be considered.
71 The simplest version of the marking algorithm is recursive::
76 for child in cell.children
79 The problem here is, of course, stack overflow for very deep heap graphs (and
82 The book proposes using a marking stack instead, and several ways to handle
83 stack overflow, but all these are only useful for relieving the symptom, they
86 As a real cure, pointer reversal is proposed. The idea is to use the very same
87 pointers to store the *mark stack*. This is constant in space, and needs only
88 one pass through the help, so it's a very tempting approach. The bad
89 side is increased complexity and probably worse cache behavior (writes to the
90 heap dirties the entire heap, and this can kill the cache).
92 .. admonition:: Current implementation
94 The D_ GC implementation does none of this. Instead it completes the mark
95 phase by traversing the heap (well, not really the heap, only the bit sets)
96 in several passes, until no more data to scan can be found (all cells are
97 painted black or white). While the original algorithm only needs one pass
98 through the heap, this one need several. This trades space (and the
99 complexity of stack overflow handling) for time.
101 .. admonition:: Optimization opportunities
103 This seems like a fair trade-off, but alternatives can be explored.
108 The simplest mark-sweep algorithm suggests to store marking bits in the very
109 own cells. This can be very bad for the cache because a full traversal should
110 be done across the entire heap. As an optimization, a bitmap can be used,
111 because they are much small and much more likely to fit in the cache, marking
112 can be greatly improved using them.
114 .. admonition:: Current implementation
116 Current implementation uses bitmaps for mark, scan, free and other bits.
117 The bitmap implementation is ``GCBits`` and is a general approach.
119 The bitmap stores a bit for each 16 bytes chunks, no matter what cell size
120 (``Bins``, or bin size) is used. This means that 4096/16 = 256 bits (32
121 bytes) are used for each bitmap for every page in the GC heap. Being
122 5 bitmaps (mark, scan, freebits, finals and noscan), the total spaces per
123 page is 160 bytes. This is a 4% space overhead in bits only.
125 This wastes some space for larger cells.
127 .. admonition:: Optimization opportunities
129 The space overhead of bitmaps seems to be fairly small, but each byte
130 counts for the mark phase because of the cache. A heap with 64 MiB uses 2.5
131 MiB in bitmaps. Modern processors come with about that much cache, and
132 a program using 64 MiB doesn't seems very rare. So we are pushing the
133 limits here if we want our bitmaps to fit in the cache to speed up the
136 I think there is a little room for improvement here. A big object, lets
137 say it's 8 MiB long, uses 640 KiB of memory for bitmaps it doesn't need.
138 I think some specialized bitmaps can be used for large object, for
139 instance, to minimize the bitmaps space overhead.
141 There are some overlapping bits too. ``mark=0`` and ``scan=1`` can never
142 happen for instance. I think it should be possible to use that combination
143 for ``freebits``, and get rid of an entire bitmap.
148 The sweep phase is done generally right after the mark phase. Since normally
149 the collection is triggered by an allocation, this can be a little disrupting
150 for the thread that made that allocation, that has to absorb all the sweeping
153 Another alternative is to do the sweeping incrementally, by doing it lazy.
154 Instead of finding all the white cells and linking them to the free list
155 immediately, this is done on each allocation. If there is no free cells in the
156 free list, a little sweeping is done until new space can be found.
158 This can help minimize pauses for the allocating thread.
160 .. admonition:: Current implementation
162 The current implementation does an eager sweeping.
164 .. admonition:: Optimization opportunities
166 The sweeping phase can be made lazy. The only disadvantage I see is (well,
167 besides extra complexity) that could make the heap more likely to be
168 fragmented, because consecutive requests are not necessarily made on the
169 same page (a ``free()`` call can add new cells from another page to the
170 free list), making the heap more sparse, (which can be bad for the cache
171 too). But I think this is only possible if ``free()`` is called explicitly,
172 and this should be fairly rare in a garbage collected system, so I guess
173 this could worth trying.
175 Lazy sweeping helps the cache too, because in the sweep phase, you might
176 trigger cache misses when linking to the free list. When sweeping lazily,
177 the cache miss is delayed until it's really necessary (the cache miss will
178 happen anyway when you are allocating the free cell).
184 Even when the current GC is fairly optimized, there is plenty of room for
185 improvements, even preserving the original global design.
188 .. _`GC Book`: http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/rej/gcbook/
189 .. _`the tri-colour abstraction`: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)#Tri-colour_marking
190 .. _D: http://www.digitalmars.com/d/
192 .. vim: set et sw=4 sts=4 :