Table of Contents
All string patterns in Mutt including those in more complex patterns must be specified using regular expressions (regexp) in the “POSIX extended” syntax (which is more or less the syntax used by egrep and GNU awk). For your convenience, we have included below a brief description of this syntax.
The search is case sensitive if the pattern contains at least one upper case letter, and case insensitive otherwise.
Note that “\” must be quoted if used for a regular expression in an initialization command: “\\”.
A regular expression is a pattern that describes a set of strings. Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.
Note that the regular expression can be enclosed/delimited by either " or ' which is useful if the regular expression includes a white-space character. See Syntax of Initialization Files for more information on " and ' delimiter processing. To match a literal " or ' you must preface it with \ (backslash).
The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match a single character. Most characters, including all letters and digits, are regular expressions that match themselves. Any metacharacter with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash.
The period “.” matches any single character. The caret “^” and the dollar sign “$” are metacharacters that respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.
A list of characters enclosed by “[” and “]” matches any single character in that list; if the first character of the list is a caret “^” then it matches any character not in the list. For example, the regular expression [0123456789] matches any single digit. A range of ASCII characters may be specified by giving the first and last characters, separated by a hyphen “-”. Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists. To include a literal “]” place it first in the list. Similarly, to include a literal “^” place it anywhere but first. Finally, to include a literal hyphen “-” place it last.
Certain named classes of characters are predefined. Character classes consist of “[:”, a keyword denoting the class, and “:]”. The following classes are defined by the POSIX standard in Table 4.1, “POSIX regular expression character classes”
Table 4.1. POSIX regular expression character classes
| Character class | Description |
|---|---|
| [:alnum:] | Alphanumeric characters |
| [:alpha:] | Alphabetic characters |
| [:blank:] | Space or tab characters |
| [:cntrl:] | Control characters |
| [:digit:] | Numeric characters |
| [:graph:] | Characters that are both printable and visible. (A space is printable, but not visible, while an “a” is both) |
| [:lower:] | Lower-case alphabetic characters |
| [:print:] | Printable characters (characters that are not control characters) |
| [:punct:] | Punctuation characters (characters that are not letter, digits, control characters, or space characters) |
| [:space:] | Space characters (such as space, tab and formfeed, to name a few) |
| [:upper:] | Upper-case alphabetic characters |
| [:xdigit:] | Characters that are hexadecimal digits |
A character class is only valid in a regular expression inside the brackets of a character list.
Note that the brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket list. For example, [[:digit:]] is equivalent to [0-9].
Two additional special sequences can appear in character lists. These apply to non-ASCII character sets, which can have single symbols (called collating elements) that are represented with more than one character, as well as several characters that are equivalent for collating or sorting purposes:
A collating symbol is a multi-character collating element enclosed in “[.” and “.]”. For example, if “ch” is a collating element, then [[.ch.]] is a regexp that matches this collating element, while [ch] is a regexp that matches either “c” or “h”.
An equivalence class is a locale-specific name for a list of characters that are equivalent. The name is enclosed in “[=” and “=]”. For example, the name “e” might be used to represent all of “è” “é” and “e”. In this case, [[=e=]] is a regexp that matches any of “è”, “é” and “e”.
A regular expression matching a single character may be followed by one of several repetition operators described in Table 4.2, “Regular expression repetition operators”.
Table 4.2. Regular expression repetition operators
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| ? | The preceding item is optional and matched at most once |
| * | The preceding item will be matched zero or more times |
| + | The preceding item will be matched one or more times |
| {n} | The preceding item is matched exactly n times |
| {n,} | The preceding item is matched n or more times |
| {,m} | The preceding item is matched at most m times |
| {n,m} | The preceding item is matched at least n times, but no more than m times |
Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions.
Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator “|”; the resulting regular expression matches any string matching either subexpression.
Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn takes precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules.
If you compile Mutt with the GNU rx package, the following operators may also be used in regular expressions as described in Table 4.3, “GNU regular expression extensions”.
Table 4.3. GNU regular expression extensions
| Expression | Description |
|---|---|
| \\y | Matches the empty string at either the beginning or the end of a word |
| \\B | Matches the empty string within a word |
| \\< | Matches the empty string at the beginning of a word |
| \\> | Matches the empty string at the end of a word |
| \\w | Matches any word-constituent character (letter, digit, or underscore) |
| \\W | Matches any character that is not word-constituent |
| \\` | Matches the empty string at the beginning of a buffer (string) |
| \\' | Matches the empty string at the end of a buffer |
Please note however that these operators are not defined by POSIX, so they may or may not be available in stock libraries on various systems.
Many of Mutt's commands allow you to specify a pattern to match
(limit, tag-pattern,
delete-pattern, etc.). Table 4.4, “Pattern modifiers”
shows several ways to select messages.
Table 4.4. Pattern modifiers
| Pattern modifier | Description |
|---|---|
| ~A | all messages |
| ~b EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the message body |
| =b STRING | messages which contain STRING in the message body. If IMAP is enabled, searches for STRING on the server, rather than downloading each message and searching it locally. |
| ~B EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the whole message |
| ~c EXPR | messages carbon-copied to EXPR |
| %c GROUP | messages carbon-copied to any member of GROUP |
| ~C EXPR | messages either to: or cc: EXPR |
| %C GROUP | messages either to: or cc: to any member of GROUP |
| ~d [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with “date-sent” in a Date range |
| ~D | deleted messages |
| ~e EXPR | messages which contains EXPR in the “Sender” field |
| %e GROUP | messages which contain a member of GROUP in the “Sender” field |
| ~E | expired messages |
| ~F | flagged messages |
| ~f EXPR | messages originating from EXPR |
| %f GROUP | messages originating from any member of GROUP |
| ~g | cryptographically signed messages |
| ~G | cryptographically encrypted messages |
| ~h EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the message header |
| ~H EXPR | messages with a spam attribute matching EXPR |
| ~i EXPR | messages which match EXPR in the “Message-ID” field |
| ~k | messages which contain PGP key material |
| ~L EXPR | messages either originated or received by EXPR |
| %L GROUP | message either originated or received by any member of GROUP |
| ~l | messages addressed to a known mailing list |
| ~m [MIN]-[MAX] | messages in the range MIN to MAX *) |
| ~n [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with a score in the range MIN to MAX *) |
| ~N | new messages |
| ~O | old messages |
| ~p | messages addressed to you (consults alternates) |
| ~P | messages from you (consults alternates) |
| ~Q | messages which have been replied to |
| ~r [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with “date-received” in a Date range |
| ~R | read messages |
| ~s EXPR | messages having EXPR in the “Subject” field. |
| ~S | superseded messages |
| ~t EXPR | messages addressed to EXPR |
| ~T | tagged messages |
| ~u | messages addressed to a subscribed mailing list |
| ~U | unread messages |
| ~v | messages part of a collapsed thread. |
| ~V | cryptographically verified messages |
| ~x EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the “References” field |
| ~X [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with MIN to MAX attachments *) |
| ~y EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the “X-Label” field |
| ~z [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with a size in the range MIN to MAX *) |
| ~= | duplicated messages (see $duplicate_threads) |
| ~$ | unreferenced messages (requires threaded view) |
| ~(PATTERN) | messages in threads containing messages matching PATTERN, e.g. all threads containing messages from you: ~(~P) |
Where EXPR is a
regular expression. Special attention has to be
made when using regular expressions inside of patterns. Specifically,
Mutt's parser for these patterns will strip one level of backslash (“\”),
which is normally used for quoting. If it is your intention to use a
backslash in the regular expression, you will need to use two backslashes
instead (“\\”). You can force mutt to treat EXPR as a simple string
instead of a regular expression by using = instead of ˜ in the
pattern name. For example, =b *.* will find all messages that contain
the literal string “*.*”. Simple string matches are less powerful than
regular expressions but can be considerably faster. This is especially
true for IMAP folders, because string matches can be performed on the
server instead of by fetching every message. IMAP treats =h specially:
it must be of the form "header: substring" and will not partially
match header names. The substring part may be omitted if you simply
wish to find messages containing a particular header without regard to
its value.
*) The forms “<[MAX]”, “>[MIN]”, “[MIN]-” and “-[MAX]” are allowed, too.
Note that patterns matching 'lists' of addresses (notably c, C, p, P and t) match if there is at least one match in the whole list. If you want to make sure that all elements of that list match, you need to prefix your pattern with “^”. This example matches all mails which only has recipients from Germany.
^~C \.de$
Mutt supports two versions of so called “simple searches” which are issued if the query entered for searching, limiting and similar operations does not seem to be a valid pattern (i.e. it does not contain one of these characters: “˜”, “=” or “%”). If the query is supposed to contain one of these special characters, they must be escaped by prepending a backslash (“\”).
The first type is by checking whether the query string equals
a keyword case-insensitively from Table 4.5, “Simple search keywords”:
If that is the case, Mutt will use the shown pattern modifier instead.
If a keyword would conflict with your search keyword, you need to turn
it into a regular expression to avoid matching the keyword table. For
example, if you want to find all messages matching “flag”
(using $simple_search)
but don't want to match flagged messages, simply search for
“[f]lag”.
Table 4.5. Simple search keywords
| Keyword | Pattern modifier |
|---|---|
| all | ~A |
| . | ~A |
| ^ | ~A |
| del | ~D |
| flag | ~F |
| new | ~N |
| old | ~O |
| repl | ~Q |
| read | ~R |
| tag | ~T |
| unread | ~U |
The second type of simple search is to build a complex search pattern using $simple_search as a template. Mutt will insert your query properly quoted and search for the composed complex query.
Logical AND is performed by specifying more than one criterion. For example:
~t mutt ~f elkins
would select messages which contain the word “mutt” in the list of recipients and that have the word “elkins” in the “From” header field.
Mutt also recognizes the following operators to create more complex search patterns:
! -- logical NOT operator
| -- logical OR operator
() -- logical grouping operator
Here is an example illustrating a complex search pattern. This pattern will select all messages which do not contain “mutt” in the “To” or “Cc” field and which are from “elkins”.
Here is an example using white space in the regular expression (note the ' and " delimiters). For this to match, the mail's subject must match the “^Junk +From +Me$” and it must be from either “Jim +Somebody” or “Ed +SomeoneElse”:
'~s "^Junk +From +Me$" ~f ("Jim +Somebody"|"Ed +SomeoneElse")'
If a regular expression contains parenthesis, or a vertical bar
("|"), you must enclose the expression in double or single quotes since
those characters are also used to separate different parts of Mutt's
pattern language. For example: ~f "me@(mutt\.org|cs\.hmc\.edu)"
Without the quotes, the parenthesis wouldn't end. This would be separated to two OR'd patterns: ˜f me@(mutt\.org and cs\.hmc\.edu). They are never what you want.
Mutt supports two types of dates, absolute and relative.
Absolute. Dates must be in DD/MM/YY format (month and year are optional, defaulting to the current month and year). An example of a valid range of dates is:
Limit to messages matching: ~d 20/1/95-31/10
If you omit the minimum (first) date, and just specify “-DD/MM/YY”, all messages before the given date will be selected. If you omit the maximum (second) date, and specify “DD/MM/YY-”, all messages after the given date will be selected. If you specify a single date with no dash (“-”), only messages sent on the given date will be selected.
Error Margins. You can add error margins to absolute dates. An error margin is a sign (+ or -), followed by a digit, followed by one of the units in Table 4.6, “Date units”. As a special case, you can replace the sign by a “*” character, which is equivalent to giving identical plus and minus error margins.
Example: To select any messages two weeks around January 15, 2001, you'd use the following pattern:
Limit to messages matching: ~d 15/1/2001*2w
Relative. This type of date is relative to the current date, and may be specified as:
>offset (messages older than offset units)
<offset (messages newer than offset units)
=offset (messages exactly offset units old)
offset is specified as a positive number with one of the units from Table 4.6, “Date units”.
Example: to select messages less than 1 month old, you would use
Limit to messages matching: ~d <1m
All dates used when searching are relative to the
local time zone, so unless you change the setting of your $index_format to include a
%[...] format, these are not the dates shown
in the main index.
Sometimes it is desirable to perform an operation on a group of
messages all at once rather than one at a time. An example might be
to save messages to a mailing list to a separate folder, or to
delete all messages with a given subject. To tag all messages
matching a pattern, use the <tag-pattern> function, which is bound to
“shift-T” by default. Or you can select individual messages by
hand using the <tag-message> function, which is bound to “t” by
default. See patterns for Mutt's pattern
matching syntax.
Once you have tagged the desired messages, you can use the “tag-prefix” operator, which is the “;” (semicolon) key by default. When the “tag-prefix” operator is used, the next operation will be applied to all tagged messages if that operation can be used in that manner. If the $auto_tag variable is set, the next operation applies to the tagged messages automatically, without requiring the “tag-prefix”.
In macros or push commands, you can use the “tag-prefix-cond” operator. If there are no tagged messages, mutt will "eat" the rest of the macro to abort it's execution. Mutt will stop "eating" the macro when it encounters the “end-cond” operator; after this operator the rest of the macro will be executed as normal.
A hook is a concept found in many other programs which allows you to execute arbitrary commands before performing some operation. For example, you may wish to tailor your configuration based upon which mailbox you are reading, or to whom you are sending mail. In the Mutt world, a hook consists of a regular expression or pattern along with a configuration option/command. See
for specific details on each type of hook available.
If a hook changes configuration settings, these changes remain effective until the end of the current mutt session. As this is generally not desired, a default hook needs to be added before all other hooks to restore configuration defaults. Here is an example with send-hook and the my_hdr directive:
Example 4.2. Combining send-hook and my_hdr
send-hook . 'unmy_hdr From:' send-hook ~C'^b@b\.b$' my_hdr from: c@c.c
Hooks that act upon messages (message-hook, reply-hook,
send-hook, send2-hook, save-hook, fcc-hook) are evaluated in a
slightly different manner. For the other
types of hooks, a regular expression is
sufficient. But in dealing with messages a finer grain of control is
needed for matching since for different purposes you want to match
different criteria.
Mutt allows the use of the search pattern language for matching messages in hook commands. This works in exactly the same way as it would when limiting or searching the mailbox, except that you are restricted to those operators which match information mutt extracts from the header of the message (i.e., from, to, cc, date, subject, etc.).
For example, if you wanted to set your return address based upon sending mail to a specific address, you could do something like:
send-hook '~t ^me@cs\.hmc\.edu$' 'my_hdr From: Mutt User <user@host>'
which would execute the given command when sending mail to me@cs.hmc.edu.
However, it is not required that you write the pattern to match using the full searching language. You can still specify a simple regular expression like the other hooks, in which case Mutt will translate your pattern into the full language, using the translation specified by the $default_hook variable. The pattern is translated at the time the hook is declared, so the value of $default_hook that is in effect at that time will be used.
Mutt supports connecting to external directory databases such as LDAP, ph/qi, bbdb, or NIS through a wrapper script which connects to mutt using a simple interface. Using the $query_command variable, you specify the wrapper command to use. For example:
set query_command = "mutt_ldap_query.pl '%s'"
The wrapper script should accept the query on the command-line. It should return a one line message, then each matching response on a single line, each line containing a tab separated address then name then some other optional information. On error, or if there are no matching addresses, return a non-zero exit code and a one line error message.
An example multiple response output:
Searching database ... 20 entries ... 3 matching: me@cs.hmc.edu Michael Elkins mutt dude blong@fiction.net Brandon Long mutt and more roessler@does-not-exist.org Thomas Roessler mutt pgp
There are two mechanisms for accessing the query function of mutt. One
is to do a query from the index menu using the <query> function (default: Q).
This will prompt for a query, then bring up the query menu which will
list the matching responses. From the query menu, you can select
addresses to create aliases, or to mail. You can tag multiple addresses
to mail, start a new query, or have a new query appended to the current
responses.
The other mechanism for accessing the query function is for address
completion, similar to the alias completion. In any prompt for address
entry, you can use the <complete-query> function (default: ^T) to run a
query based on the current address you have typed. Like aliases, mutt
will look for what you have typed back to the last space or comma. If
there is a single response for that query, mutt will expand the address
in place. If there are multiple responses, mutt will activate the query
menu. At the query menu, you can select one or more addresses to be
added to the prompt.
Mutt supports reading and writing of four different mailbox formats: mbox, MMDF, MH and Maildir. The mailbox type is autodetected, so there is no need to use a flag for different mailbox types. When creating new mailboxes, Mutt uses the default specified with the $mbox_type variable.
mbox. This is the most widely used mailbox format for UNIX. All messages are stored in a single file. Each message has a line of the form:
From me@cs.hmc.edu Fri, 11 Apr 1997 11:44:56 PST
to denote the start of a new message (this is often referred to as the “From_” line).
MMDF. This is a variant of the mbox format. Each message is surrounded by lines containing “^A^A^A^A” (four control-A's).
MH. A radical departure from mbox and MMDF, a mailbox
consists of a directory and each message is stored in a separate file.
The filename indicates the message number (however, this is may not
correspond to the message number Mutt displays). Deleted messages are
renamed with a comma (,) prepended to the filename. Mutt
detects this type of mailbox by looking for either .mh_sequences
or .xmhcache (needed to distinguish normal directories from MH
mailboxes).
Maildir. The newest of the mailbox formats, used by the Qmail MTA (a replacement for sendmail). Similar to MH, except that it adds three subdirectories of the mailbox: tmp, new and cur. Filenames for the messages are chosen in such a way they are unique, even when two programs are writing the mailbox over NFS, which means that no file locking is needed.
There are a number of built in shortcuts which refer to specific mailboxes. These shortcuts can be used anywhere you are prompted for a file or mailbox path.
! -- refers to your $spoolfile (incoming) mailbox
> -- refers to your $mbox file
< -- refers to your $record file
^ -- refers to the current mailbox
- or !! -- refers to the file you've last visited
˜ -- refers to your home directory
= or + -- refers to your $folder directory
@alias -- refers to the default save folder as determined by the address of the alias
Mutt has a few configuration options that make dealing with large amounts of mail easier. The first thing you must do is to let Mutt know what addresses you consider to be mailing lists (technically this does not have to be a mailing list, but that is what it is most often used for), and what lists you are subscribed to. This is accomplished through the use of the lists and subscribe commands in your muttrc.
Now that Mutt knows what your mailing lists are, it can do several things, the first of which is the ability to show the name of a list through which you received a message (i.e., of a subscribed list) in the index menu display. This is useful to distinguish between personal and list mail in the same mailbox. In the $index_format variable, the escape “%L” will return the string “To <list>” when “list” appears in the “To” field, and “Cc <list>” when it appears in the “Cc” field (otherwise it returns the name of the author).
Often times the “To” and “Cc” fields in mailing list messages
tend to get quite large. Most people do not bother to remove the
author of the message they reply to from the list, resulting in
two or more copies being sent to that person. The <list-reply>
function, which by default is bound to “L” in the index menu
and pager, helps reduce the clutter by only replying to the
known mailing list addresses instead of all recipients (except as
specified by Mail-Followup-To, see below).
Mutt also supports the Mail-Followup-To header. When you send
a message to a list of recipients which includes one or several
subscribed mailing lists, and if the $followup_to option is set, mutt will generate
a Mail-Followup-To header which contains all the recipients to whom
you send this message, but not your address. This indicates that
group-replies or list-replies (also known as “followups”) to this
message should only be sent to the original recipients of the
message, and not separately to you - you'll receive your copy through
one of the mailing lists you are subscribed to.
Conversely, when group-replying or list-replying to a message which
has a Mail-Followup-To header, mutt will respect this header if
the $honor_followup_to configuration
variable is set. Using list-reply will in this case also make sure
that the reply goes to the mailing list, even if it's not specified
in the list of recipients in the Mail-Followup-To.
When header editing is enabled, you can create a
Mail-Followup-To header manually. Mutt will only auto-generate
this header if it doesn't exist when you send the message.
The other method some mailing list admins use is to generate a “Reply-To” field which points back to the mailing list address rather than the author of the message. This can create problems when trying to reply directly to the author in private, since most mail clients will automatically reply to the address given in the “Reply-To” field. Mutt uses the $reply_to variable to help decide which address to use. If set to ask-yes or ask-no, you will be prompted as to whether or not you would like to use the address given in the “Reply-To” field, or reply directly to the address given in the “From” field. When set to yes, the “Reply-To” field will be used when present.
The “X-Label:” header field can be used to further identify mailing lists or list subject matter (or just to annotate messages individually). The $index_format variable's “%y” and “%Y” escapes can be used to expand “X-Label:” fields in the index, and Mutt's pattern-matcher can match regular expressions to “X-Label:” fields with the “˜y” selector. “X-Label:” is not a standard message header field, but it can easily be inserted by procmail and other mail filtering agents.
Lastly, Mutt has the ability to sort the mailbox into threads. A thread is a group of messages which all relate to the same subject. This is usually organized into a tree-like structure where a message and all of its replies are represented graphically. If you've ever used a threaded news client, this is the same concept. It makes dealing with large volume mailing lists easier because you can easily delete uninteresting threads and quickly find topics of value.
Mutt supports setups with multiple folders, allowing all of them to be monitored for new mail (see Section 14, “Monitoring incoming mail” for details).
When in the index menu and being idle (also see
$timeout), Mutt periodically checks
for new mail in all folders which have been configured via the
mailboxes command. The interval depends on the folder
type: for local/IMAP folders it consults
$mail_check and
$pop_checkinterval
for POP folders.
Outside the index menu the directory browser supports checking
for new mail using the <check-new> function which is
unbound by default. Pressing TAB will bring up a
menu showing the files specified by the mailboxes command,
and indicate which contain new messages. Mutt will automatically enter this
mode when invoked from the command line with the -y option.
For the pager, index and directory browser menus, Mutt contains the
<buffy-list> function (bound to “.” by default)
which will print a list of folders with new mail in the command line at
the bottom of the screen.
For the index, by default Mutt displays the number of mailboxes with new mail in the status bar, please refer to the $index_format variable for details.
When changing folders, Mutt fills the prompt with the first folder from the mailboxes list containing new mail (if any), pressing space will cycle through folders with new mail.
Mutt has the ability to dynamically restructure threads that are broken either by misconfigured software or bad behavior from some correspondents. This allows to clean your mailboxes formats) from these annoyances which make it hard to follow a discussion.
Some mailers tend to "forget" to correctly set the "In-Reply-To:" and
"References:" headers when replying to a message. This results in broken
discussions because Mutt has not enough information to guess the correct
threading.
You can fix this by tagging the reply, then moving to the parent message
and using the <link-threads> function (bound to & by default). The
reply will then be connected to this "parent" message.
You can also connect multiple children at once, tagging them and using the tag-prefix command (';') or the auto_tag option.
On mailing lists, some people are in the bad habit of starting a new
discussion by hitting "reply" to any message from the list and changing
the subject to a totally unrelated one.
You can fix such threads by using the <break-thread> function (bound
by default to #), which will turn the subthread starting from the
current message into a whole different thread.
RFC1894 defines a set of MIME content types for relaying information about the status of electronic mail messages. These can be thought of as “return receipts.”
To support DSN, there are two variables. $dsn_notify is used to request receipts for different results (such as failed message, message delivered, etc.). $dsn_return requests how much of your message should be returned with the receipt (headers or full message).
When using $sendmail for mail delivery, you need to use either Berkeley sendmail 8.8.x (or greater) a MTA supporting DSN command line options compatible to Sendmail: The -N and -R options can be used by the mail client to make requests as to what type of status messages should be returned. Please consider your MTA documentation whether DSN is supported.
For SMTP delivery using $smtp_url, it depends on the capabilities announced by the server whether mutt will attempt to request DSN or not.
If a message contains URLs, it is efficient to get a menu with all the URLs and start a WWW browser on one of them. This functionality is provided by the external urlview program which can be retrieved at ftp://ftp.mutt.org/mutt/contrib/ and the configuration commands:
macro index \cb |urlview\n macro pager \cb |urlview\n