[software/libev.git] / evdns.c

/* $Id: evdns.c,v 1.7 2007-11-03 20:24:42 root Exp $ */

/* The original version of this module was written by Adam Langley; for
 * a history of modifications, check out the subversion logs.
 *
 * When editing this module, try to keep it re-mergeable by Adam.  Don't
 * reformat the whitespace, add Tor dependencies, or so on.
 *
 * TODO:
 *   - Support IPv6 and PTR records.
 *   - Replace all externally visible magic numbers with #defined constants.
 *   - Write doccumentation for APIs of all external functions.
 */

/* Async DNS Library
 * Adam Langley <agl@imperialviolet.org>
 * http://www.imperialviolet.org/eventdns.html
 * Public Domain code
 *
 * This software is Public Domain. To view a copy of the public domain dedication,
 * visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ or send a letter to
 * Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
 *
 * I ask and expect, but do not require, that all derivative works contain an
 * attribution similar to:
 *      Parts developed by Adam Langley <agl@imperialviolet.org>
 *
 * You may wish to replace the word "Parts" with something else depending on
 * the amount of original code.
 *
 * (Derivative works does not include programs which link against, run or include
 * the source verbatim in their source distributions)
 *
 * Version: 0.1b
 */

#include <sys/types.h>
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#ifdef WIN32
#include "misc.h"
#endif

/* #define NDEBUG */

#ifndef DNS_USE_CPU_CLOCK_FOR_ID
#ifndef DNS_USE_GETTIMEOFDAY_FOR_ID
#ifndef DNS_USE_OPENSSL_FOR_ID
#error Must configure at least one id generation method.
#error Please see the documentation.
#endif
#endif
#endif

/* #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200507 */
#define _GNU_SOURCE

#ifdef DNS_USE_CPU_CLOCK_FOR_ID
#ifdef DNS_USE_OPENSSL_FOR_ID
#error Multiple id options selected
#endif
#ifdef DNS_USE_GETTIMEOFDAY_FOR_ID
#error Multiple id options selected
#endif
#include <time.h>
#endif

#ifdef DNS_USE_OPENSSL_FOR_ID
#ifdef DNS_USE_GETTIMEOFDAY_FOR_ID
#error Multiple id options selected
#endif
#include <openssl/rand.h>
#endif

#define _FORTIFY_SOURCE 3

#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
#include <stdint.h>
#endif
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

#include "evdns.h"
#include "log.h"
#ifdef WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#include <winsock2.h>
#include <iphlpapi.h>
#else
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_NETINET_IN6_H
#include <netinet/in6.h>
#endif

#ifdef WIN32
typedef int socklen_t;
#endif

#define EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG 0
#define EVDNS_LOG_WARN 1

#ifndef HOST_NAME_MAX
#define HOST_NAME_MAX 255
#endif

#ifndef NDEBUG
#include <stdio.h>
#endif

#undef MIN
#define MIN(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b))

#ifdef __USE_ISOC99B
/* libevent doesn't work without this */
typedef uint8_t u_char;
typedef unsigned int uint;
#endif
#include <event.h>

#define u64 uint64_t
#define u32 uint32_t
#define u16 uint16_t
#define u8  uint8_t

#define MAX_ADDRS 4  /* maximum number of addresses from a single packet */
/* which we bother recording */

#define TYPE_A         EVDNS_TYPE_A
#define TYPE_CNAME     5
#define TYPE_PTR       EVDNS_TYPE_PTR
#define TYPE_AAAA      EVDNS_TYPE_AAAA

#define CLASS_INET     EVDNS_CLASS_INET

struct request {
        u8 *request;  /* the dns packet data */
        unsigned int request_len;
        int reissue_count;
        int tx_count;  /* the number of times that this packet has been sent */
        unsigned int request_type; /* TYPE_PTR or TYPE_A */
        void *user_pointer;  /* the pointer given to us for this request */
        evdns_callback_type user_callback;
        struct nameserver *ns;  /* the server which we last sent it */

        /* elements used by the searching code */
        int search_index;
        struct search_state *search_state;
        char *search_origname;  /* needs to be free()ed */
        int search_flags;

        /* these objects are kept in a circular list */
        struct request *next, *prev;

        struct event timeout_event;

        u16 trans_id;  /* the transaction id */
        char request_appended;  /* true if the request pointer is data which follows this struct */
        char transmit_me;  /* needs to be transmitted */
};

#ifndef HAVE_STRUCT_IN6_ADDR
struct in6_addr {
        u8 s6_addr[16];
};
#endif

struct reply {
        unsigned int type;
        unsigned int have_answer;
        union {
                struct {
                        u32 addrcount;
                        u32 addresses[MAX_ADDRS];
                } a;
                struct {
                        u32 addrcount;
                        struct in6_addr addresses[MAX_ADDRS];
                } aaaa;
                struct {
                        char name[HOST_NAME_MAX];
                } ptr;
        } data;
};

struct nameserver {
        int socket;  /* a connected UDP socket */
        u32 address;
        int failed_times;  /* number of times which we have given this server a chance */
        int timedout;  /* number of times in a row a request has timed out */
        struct event event;
        /* these objects are kept in a circular list */
        struct nameserver *next, *prev;
        struct event timeout_event;  /* used to keep the timeout for */
                                     /* when we next probe this server. */
                                     /* Valid if state == 0 */
        char state;  /* zero if we think that this server is down */
        char choked;  /* true if we have an EAGAIN from this server's socket */
        char write_waiting;  /* true if we are waiting for EV_WRITE events */
};

static struct request *req_head = NULL, *req_waiting_head = NULL;
static struct nameserver *server_head = NULL;

/* Represents a local port where we're listening for DNS requests. Right now, */
/* only UDP is supported. */
struct evdns_server_port {
        int socket; /* socket we use to read queries and write replies. */
        int refcnt; /* reference count. */
        char choked; /* Are we currently blocked from writing? */
        char closing; /* Are we trying to close this port, pending writes? */
        evdns_request_callback_fn_type user_callback; /* Fn to handle requests */
        void *user_data; /* Opaque pointer passed to user_callback */
        struct event event; /* Read/write event */
        /* circular list of replies that we want to write. */
        struct server_request *pending_replies;
};

/* Represents part of a reply being built.      (That is, a single RR.) */
struct server_reply_item {
        struct server_reply_item *next; /* next item in sequence. */
        char *name; /* name part of the RR */
        u16 type : 16; /* The RR type */
        u16 class : 16; /* The RR class (usually CLASS_INET) */
        u32 ttl; /* The RR TTL */
        char is_name; /* True iff data is a label */
        u16 datalen; /* Length of data; -1 if data is a label */
        void *data; /* The contents of the RR */
};

/* Represents a request that we've received as a DNS server, and holds */
/* the components of the reply as we're constructing it. */
struct server_request {
        /* Pointers to the next and previous entries on the list of replies */
        /* that we're waiting to write.  Only set if we have tried to respond */
        /* and gotten EAGAIN. */
        struct server_request *next_pending;
        struct server_request *prev_pending;

        u16 trans_id; /* Transaction id. */
        struct evdns_server_port *port; /* Which port received this request on? */
        struct sockaddr_storage addr; /* Where to send the response */
        socklen_t addrlen; /* length of addr */

        int n_answer; /* how many answer RRs have been set? */
        int n_authority; /* how many authority RRs have been set? */
        int n_additional; /* how many additional RRs have been set? */

        struct server_reply_item *answer; /* linked list of answer RRs */
        struct server_reply_item *authority; /* linked list of authority RRs */
        struct server_reply_item *additional; /* linked list of additional RRs */

        /* Constructed response.  Only set once we're ready to send a reply. */
        /* Once this is set, the RR fields are cleared, and no more should be set. */
        char *response;
        size_t response_len;

        /* Caller-visible fields: flags, questions. */
        struct evdns_server_request base;
};

/* helper macro */
#define OFFSET_OF(st, member) ((off_t) (((char*)&((st*)0)->member)-(char*)0))

/* Given a pointer to an evdns_server_request, get the corresponding */
/* server_request. */
#define TO_SERVER_REQUEST(base_ptr)                                                                             \
        ((struct server_request*)                                                                                       \
         (((char*)(base_ptr) - OFFSET_OF(struct server_request, base))))

/* The number of good nameservers that we have */
static int global_good_nameservers = 0;

/* inflight requests are contained in the req_head list */
/* and are actually going out across the network */
static int global_requests_inflight = 0;
/* requests which aren't inflight are in the waiting list */
/* and are counted here */
static int global_requests_waiting = 0;

static int global_max_requests_inflight = 64;

static struct timeval global_timeout = {5, 0};  /* 5 seconds */
static int global_max_reissues = 1;  /* a reissue occurs when we get some errors from the server */
static int global_max_retransmits = 3;  /* number of times we'll retransmit a request which timed out */
/* number of timeouts in a row before we consider this server to be down */
static int global_max_nameserver_timeout = 3;

/* These are the timeout values for nameservers. If we find a nameserver is down */
/* we try to probe it at intervals as given below. Values are in seconds. */
static const struct timeval global_nameserver_timeouts[] = {{10, 0}, {60, 0}, {300, 0}, {900, 0}, {3600, 0}};
static const int global_nameserver_timeouts_length = sizeof(global_nameserver_timeouts)/sizeof(struct timeval);

static struct nameserver *nameserver_pick(void);
static void evdns_request_insert(struct request *req, struct request **head);
static void nameserver_ready_callback(int fd, short events, void *arg);
static int evdns_transmit(void);
static int evdns_request_transmit(struct request *req);
static void nameserver_send_probe(struct nameserver *const ns);
static void search_request_finished(struct request *const);
static int search_try_next(struct request *const req);
static int search_request_new(int type, const char *const name, int flags, evdns_callback_type user_callback, void *user_arg);
static void evdns_requests_pump_waiting_queue(void);
static u16 transaction_id_pick(void);
static struct request *request_new(int type, const char *name, int flags, evdns_callback_type callback, void *ptr);
static void request_submit(struct request *req);

static int server_request_free(struct server_request *req);
static void server_request_free_answers(struct server_request *req);
static void server_port_free(struct evdns_server_port *port);
static void server_port_ready_callback(int fd, short events, void *arg);

static int strtoint(const char *const str);

#ifdef WIN32
static int
last_error(int sock)
{
        int optval, optvallen=sizeof(optval);
        int err = WSAGetLastError();
        if (err == WSAEWOULDBLOCK && sock >= 0) {
                if (getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, (void*)&optval,
                               &optvallen))
                        return err;
                if (optval)
                        return optval;
        }
        return err;

}
static int
error_is_eagain(int err)
{
        return err == EAGAIN || err == WSAEWOULDBLOCK;
}
static int
inet_aton(const char *c, struct in_addr *addr)
{
        uint32_t r;
        if (strcmp(c, "255.255.255.255") == 0) {
                addr->s_addr = 0xffffffffu;
        } else {
                r = inet_addr(c);
                if (r == INADDR_NONE)
                        return 0;
                addr->s_addr = r;
        }
        return 1;
}
#define CLOSE_SOCKET(x) closesocket(x)
#else
#define last_error(sock) (errno)
#define error_is_eagain(err) ((err) == EAGAIN)
#define CLOSE_SOCKET(x) close(x)
#endif

#define ISSPACE(c) isspace((int)(unsigned char)(c))
#define ISDIGIT(c) isdigit((int)(unsigned char)(c))

#ifndef NDEBUG
static const char *
debug_ntoa(u32 address)
{
        static char buf[32];
        u32 a = ntohl(address);
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d.%d.%d.%d",
                      (int)(u8)((a>>24)&0xff),
                      (int)(u8)((a>>16)&0xff),
                      (int)(u8)((a>>8 )&0xff),
                      (int)(u8)((a    )&0xff));
        return buf;
}
#endif

static evdns_debug_log_fn_type evdns_log_fn = NULL;

void
evdns_set_log_fn(evdns_debug_log_fn_type fn)
{
  evdns_log_fn = fn;
}

#ifdef __GNUC__
#define EVDNS_LOG_CHECK  __attribute__ ((format(printf, 2, 3)))
#else
#define EVDNS_LOG_CHECK
#endif

static void _evdns_log(int warn, const char *fmt, ...) EVDNS_LOG_CHECK;
static void
_evdns_log(int warn, const char *fmt, ...)
{
  va_list args;
  static char buf[512];
  if (!evdns_log_fn)
    return;
  va_start(args,fmt);
#ifdef WIN32
  _vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
#else
  vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
#endif
  buf[sizeof(buf)-1] = '\0';
  evdns_log_fn(warn, buf);
  va_end(args);
}

#define log _evdns_log

/* This walks the list of inflight requests to find the */
/* one with a matching transaction id. Returns NULL on */
/* failure */
static struct request *
request_find_from_trans_id(u16 trans_id) {
        struct request *req = req_head, *const started_at = req_head;

        if (req) {
                do {
                        if (req->trans_id == trans_id) return req;
                        req = req->next;
                } while (req != started_at);
        }

        return NULL;
}

/* a libevent callback function which is called when a nameserver */
/* has gone down and we want to test if it has came back to life yet */
static void
nameserver_prod_callback(int fd, short events, void *arg) {
        struct nameserver *const ns = (struct nameserver *) arg;
        (void)fd;
        (void)events;

        nameserver_send_probe(ns);
}

/* a libevent callback which is called when a nameserver probe (to see if */
/* it has come back to life) times out. We increment the count of failed_times */
/* and wait longer to send the next probe packet. */
static void
nameserver_probe_failed(struct nameserver *const ns) {
        const struct timeval * timeout;
        (void) evtimer_del(&ns->timeout_event);
        if (ns->state == 1) {
                /* This can happen if the nameserver acts in a way which makes us mark */
                /* it as bad and then starts sending good replies. */
                return;
        }

        timeout =
          &global_nameserver_timeouts[MIN(ns->failed_times,
                                          global_nameserver_timeouts_length - 1)];
        ns->failed_times++;

        evtimer_set(&ns->timeout_event, nameserver_prod_callback, ns);
        if (evtimer_add(&ns->timeout_event, (struct timeval *) timeout) < 0) {
          log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN,
              "Error from libevent when adding timer event for %s",
              debug_ntoa(ns->address));
          /* ???? Do more? */
        }
}

/* called when a nameserver has been deemed to have failed. For example, too */
/* many packets have timed out etc */
static void
nameserver_failed(struct nameserver *const ns, const char *msg) {
        struct request *req, *started_at;
        /* if this nameserver has already been marked as failed */
        /* then don't do anything */
        if (!ns->state) return;

        log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Nameserver %s has failed: %s",
            debug_ntoa(ns->address), msg);
        global_good_nameservers--;
        assert(global_good_nameservers >= 0);
        if (global_good_nameservers == 0) {
                log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "All nameservers have failed");
        }

        ns->state = 0;
        ns->failed_times = 1;

        evtimer_set(&ns->timeout_event, nameserver_prod_callback, ns);
        if (evtimer_add(&ns->timeout_event, (struct timeval *) &global_nameserver_timeouts[0]) < 0) {
                log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN,
                    "Error from libevent when adding timer event for %s",
                    debug_ntoa(ns->address));
                /* ???? Do more? */
        }

        /* walk the list of inflight requests to see if any can be reassigned to */
        /* a different server. Requests in the waiting queue don't have a */
        /* nameserver assigned yet */

        /* if we don't have *any* good nameservers then there's no point */
        /* trying to reassign requests to one */
        if (!global_good_nameservers) return;

        req = req_head;
        started_at = req_head;
        if (req) {
                do {
                        if (req->tx_count == 0 && req->ns == ns) {
                                /* still waiting to go out, can be moved */
                                /* to another server */
                                req->ns = nameserver_pick();
                        }
                        req = req->next;
                } while (req != started_at);
        }
}

static void
nameserver_up(struct nameserver *const ns) {
        if (ns->state) return;
        log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Nameserver %s is back up",
            debug_ntoa(ns->address));
        evtimer_del(&ns->timeout_event);
        ns->state = 1;
        ns->failed_times = 0;
        ns->timedout = 0;
        global_good_nameservers++;
}

static void
request_trans_id_set(struct request *const req, const u16 trans_id) {
        req->trans_id = trans_id;
        *((u16 *) req->request) = htons(trans_id);
}

/* Called to remove a request from a list and dealloc it. */
/* head is a pointer to the head of the list it should be */
/* removed from or NULL if the request isn't in a list. */
static void
request_finished(struct request *const req, struct request **head) {
        if (head) {
                if (req->next == req) {
                        /* only item in the list */
                        *head = NULL;
                } else {
                        req->next->prev = req->prev;
                        req->prev->next = req->next;
                        if (*head == req) *head = req->next;
                }
        }

        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Removing timeout for request %lx",
            (unsigned long) req);
        evtimer_del(&req->timeout_event);

        search_request_finished(req);
        global_requests_inflight--;

        if (!req->request_appended) {
                /* need to free the request data on it's own */
                free(req->request);
        } else {
                /* the request data is appended onto the header */
                /* so everything gets free()ed when we: */
        }

        free(req);

        evdns_requests_pump_waiting_queue();
}

/* This is called when a server returns a funny error code. */
/* We try the request again with another server. */
/* */
/* return: */
/*   0 ok */
/*   1 failed/reissue is pointless */
static int
request_reissue(struct request *req) {
        const struct nameserver *const last_ns = req->ns;
        /* the last nameserver should have been marked as failing */
        /* by the caller of this function, therefore pick will try */
        /* not to return it */
        req->ns = nameserver_pick();
        if (req->ns == last_ns) {
                /* ... but pick did return it */
                /* not a lot of point in trying again with the */
                /* same server */
                return 1;
        }

        req->reissue_count++;
        req->tx_count = 0;
        req->transmit_me = 1;

        return 0;
}

/* this function looks for space on the inflight queue and promotes */
/* requests from the waiting queue if it can. */
static void
evdns_requests_pump_waiting_queue(void) {
        while (global_requests_inflight < global_max_requests_inflight &&
            global_requests_waiting) {
                struct request *req;
                /* move a request from the waiting queue to the inflight queue */
                assert(req_waiting_head);
                if (req_waiting_head->next == req_waiting_head) {
                        /* only one item in the queue */
                        req = req_waiting_head;
                        req_waiting_head = NULL;
                } else {
                        req = req_waiting_head;
                        req->next->prev = req->prev;
                        req->prev->next = req->next;
                        req_waiting_head = req->next;
                }

                global_requests_waiting--;
                global_requests_inflight++;

                req->ns = nameserver_pick();
                request_trans_id_set(req, transaction_id_pick());

                evdns_request_insert(req, &req_head);
                evdns_request_transmit(req);
                evdns_transmit();
        }
}

static void
reply_callback(struct request *const req, u32 ttl, u32 err, struct reply *reply) {
        switch (req->request_type) {
        case TYPE_A:
                if (reply)
                        req->user_callback(DNS_ERR_NONE, DNS_IPv4_A,
                                                           reply->data.a.addrcount, ttl,
                                                 reply->data.a.addresses,
                                                           req->user_pointer);
                else
                        req->user_callback(err, 0, 0, 0, NULL, req->user_pointer);
                return;
        case TYPE_PTR:
                if (reply) {
                        char *name = reply->data.ptr.name;
                        req->user_callback(DNS_ERR_NONE, DNS_PTR, 1, ttl,
                                                           &name, req->user_pointer);
                } else {
                        req->user_callback(err, 0, 0, 0, NULL,
                                                           req->user_pointer);
                }
                return;
        case TYPE_AAAA:
                if (reply)
                        req->user_callback(DNS_ERR_NONE, DNS_IPv6_AAAA,
                                                           reply->data.aaaa.addrcount, ttl,
                                                           reply->data.aaaa.addresses,
                                                           req->user_pointer);
                else
                        req->user_callback(err, 0, 0, 0, NULL, req->user_pointer);
                return;
        }
        assert(0);
}

/* this processes a parsed reply packet */
static void
reply_handle(struct request *const req, u16 flags, u32 ttl, struct reply *reply) {
        int error;
        static const int error_codes[] = {DNS_ERR_FORMAT, DNS_ERR_SERVERFAILED, DNS_ERR_NOTEXIST, DNS_ERR_NOTIMPL, DNS_ERR_REFUSED};

        if (flags & 0x020f || !reply || !reply->have_answer) {
                /* there was an error */
                if (flags & 0x0200) {
                        error = DNS_ERR_TRUNCATED;
                } else {
                        u16 error_code = (flags & 0x000f) - 1;
                        if (error_code > 4) {
                                error = DNS_ERR_UNKNOWN;
                        } else {
                                error = error_codes[error_code];
                        }
                }

                switch(error) {
                case DNS_ERR_NOTIMPL:
                case DNS_ERR_REFUSED:
                        /* we regard these errors as marking a bad nameserver */
                        if (req->reissue_count < global_max_reissues) {
                                char msg[64];
                                snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Bad response %d (%s)",
                                         error, evdns_err_to_string(error));
                                nameserver_failed(req->ns, msg);
                                if (!request_reissue(req)) return;
                        }
                        break;
                case DNS_ERR_SERVERFAILED:
                        /* rcode 2 (servfailed) sometimes means "we are broken" and
                         * sometimes (with some binds) means "that request was very
                         * confusing."  Treat this as a timeout, not a failure. 
                         */
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Got a SERVERFAILED from nameserver %s; "
                                "will allow the request to time out.",
                                debug_ntoa(req->ns->address));
                        break;
                default:
                        /* we got a good reply from the nameserver */
                        nameserver_up(req->ns);
                }

                if (req->search_state && req->request_type != TYPE_PTR) {
                        /* if we have a list of domains to search in, try the next one */
                        if (!search_try_next(req)) {
                                /* a new request was issued so this request is finished and */
                                /* the user callback will be made when that request (or a */
                                /* child of it) finishes. */
                                request_finished(req, &req_head);
                                return;
                        }
                }

                /* all else failed. Pass the failure up */
                reply_callback(req, 0, error, NULL);
                request_finished(req, &req_head);
        } else {
                /* all ok, tell the user */
                reply_callback(req, ttl, 0, reply);
                nameserver_up(req->ns);
                request_finished(req, &req_head);
        }
}

static int
name_parse(u8 *packet, int length, int *idx, char *name_out, int name_out_len) {
        int name_end = -1;
        int j = *idx;
        int ptr_count = 0;
#define GET32(x) do { if (j + 4 > length) goto err; memcpy(&_t32, packet + j, 4); j += 4; x = ntohl(_t32); } while(0)
#define GET16(x) do { if (j + 2 > length) goto err; memcpy(&_t, packet + j, 2); j += 2; x = ntohs(_t); } while(0)
#define GET8(x) do { if (j >= length) goto err; x = packet[j++]; } while(0)

        char *cp = name_out;
        const char *const end = name_out + name_out_len;

        /* Normally, names are a series of length prefixed strings terminated */
        /* with a length of 0 (the lengths are u8's < 63). */
        /* However, the length can start with a pair of 1 bits and that */
        /* means that the next 14 bits are a pointer within the current */
        /* packet. */

        for(;;) {
                u8 label_len;
                if (j >= length) return -1;
                GET8(label_len);
                if (!label_len) break;
                if (label_len & 0xc0) {
                        u8 ptr_low;
                        GET8(ptr_low);
                        if (name_end < 0) name_end = j;
                        j = (((int)label_len & 0x3f) << 8) + ptr_low;
                        /* Make sure that the target offset is in-bounds. */
                        if (j < 0 || j >= length) return -1;
                        /* If we've jumped more times than there are characters in the
                         * message, we must have a loop. */
                        if (++ptr_count > length) return -1;
                        continue;
                }
                if (label_len > 63) return -1;
                if (cp != name_out) {
                        if (cp + 1 >= end) return -1;
                        *cp++ = '.';
                }
                if (cp + label_len >= end) return -1;
                memcpy(cp, packet + j, label_len);
                cp += label_len;
                j += label_len;
        }
        if (cp >= end) return -1;
        *cp = '\0';
        if (name_end < 0)
                *idx = j;
        else
                *idx = name_end;
        return 0;
 err:
        return -1;
}

/* parses a raw request from a nameserver */
static int
reply_parse(u8 *packet, int length) {
        int j = 0;  /* index into packet */
        u16 _t;  /* used by the macros */
        u32 _t32;  /* used by the macros */
        char tmp_name[256]; /* used by the macros */

        u16 trans_id, questions, answers, authority, additional, datalength;
        u16 flags = 0;
        u32 ttl, ttl_r = 0xffffffff;
        struct reply reply;
        struct request *req = NULL;
        unsigned int i;

        GET16(trans_id);
        GET16(flags);
        GET16(questions);
        GET16(answers);
        GET16(authority);
        GET16(additional);
        (void) authority; /* suppress "unused variable" warnings. */
        (void) additional; /* suppress "unused variable" warnings. */

        req = request_find_from_trans_id(trans_id);
        if (!req) return -1;

        memset(&reply, 0, sizeof(reply));

        /* If it's not an answer, it doesn't correspond to any request. */
        if (!(flags & 0x8000)) return -1;  /* must be an answer */
        if (flags & 0x020f) {
                /* there was an error */
                goto err;
        }
        /* if (!answers) return; */  /* must have an answer of some form */

        /* This macro skips a name in the DNS reply. */
#define SKIP_NAME \
        do { tmp_name[0] = '\0';                                        \
                if (name_parse(packet, length, &j, tmp_name, sizeof(tmp_name))<0) \
                        goto err;                                                                                                       \
        } while(0);

        reply.type = req->request_type;

        /* skip over each question in the reply */
        for (i = 0; i < questions; ++i) {
                /* the question looks like
                 *   <label:name><u16:type><u16:class>
                 */
                SKIP_NAME;
                j += 4;
                if (j >= length) goto err;
        }

        /* now we have the answer section which looks like
         * <label:name><u16:type><u16:class><u32:ttl><u16:len><data...>
         */

        for (i = 0; i < answers; ++i) {
                u16 type, class;

                SKIP_NAME;
                GET16(type);
                GET16(class);
                GET32(ttl);
                GET16(datalength);

                if (type == TYPE_A && class == CLASS_INET) {
                        int addrcount, addrtocopy;
                        if (req->request_type != TYPE_A) {
                                j += datalength; continue;
                        }
                        if ((datalength & 3) != 0) /* not an even number of As. */
                            goto err;
                        addrcount = datalength >> 2;
                        addrtocopy = MIN(MAX_ADDRS - reply.data.a.addrcount, (unsigned)addrcount);

                        ttl_r = MIN(ttl_r, ttl);
                        /* we only bother with the first four addresses. */
                        if (j + 4*addrtocopy > length) goto err;
                        memcpy(&reply.data.a.addresses[reply.data.a.addrcount],
                                   packet + j, 4*addrtocopy);
                        j += 4*addrtocopy;
                        reply.data.a.addrcount += addrtocopy;
                        reply.have_answer = 1;
                        if (reply.data.a.addrcount == MAX_ADDRS) break;
                } else if (type == TYPE_PTR && class == CLASS_INET) {
                        if (req->request_type != TYPE_PTR) {
                                j += datalength; continue;
                        }
                        if (name_parse(packet, length, &j, reply.data.ptr.name,
                                                   sizeof(reply.data.ptr.name))<0)
                                goto err;
                        ttl_r = MIN(ttl_r, ttl);
                        reply.have_answer = 1;
                        break;
                } else if (type == TYPE_AAAA && class == CLASS_INET) {
                        int addrcount, addrtocopy;
                        if (req->request_type != TYPE_AAAA) {
                                j += datalength; continue;
                        }
                        if ((datalength & 15) != 0) /* not an even number of AAAAs. */
                                goto err;
                        addrcount = datalength >> 4;  /* each address is 16 bytes long */
                        addrtocopy = MIN(MAX_ADDRS - reply.data.aaaa.addrcount, (unsigned)addrcount);
                        ttl_r = MIN(ttl_r, ttl);

                        /* we only bother with the first four addresses. */
                        if (j + 16*addrtocopy > length) goto err;
                        memcpy(&reply.data.aaaa.addresses[reply.data.aaaa.addrcount],
                                   packet + j, 16*addrtocopy);
                        reply.data.aaaa.addrcount += addrtocopy;
                        j += 16*addrtocopy;
                        reply.have_answer = 1;
                        if (reply.data.aaaa.addrcount == MAX_ADDRS) break;
                } else {
                        /* skip over any other type of resource */
                        j += datalength;
                }
        }

        reply_handle(req, flags, ttl_r, &reply);
        return 0;
 err:
        if (req)
                reply_handle(req, flags, 0, NULL);
        return -1;
}

/* Parse a raw request (packet,length) sent to a nameserver port (port) from */
/* a DNS client (addr,addrlen), and if it's well-formed, call the corresponding */
/* callback. */
static int
request_parse(u8 *packet, int length, struct evdns_server_port *port, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen)
{
        int j = 0;      /* index into packet */
        u16 _t;  /* used by the macros */
        char tmp_name[256]; /* used by the macros */

        int i;
        u16 trans_id, flags, questions, answers, authority, additional;
        struct server_request *server_req = NULL;

        /* Get the header fields */
        GET16(trans_id);
        GET16(flags);
        GET16(questions);
        GET16(answers);
        GET16(authority);
        GET16(additional);

        if (flags & 0x8000) return -1; /* Must not be an answer. */
        if (flags & 0x7800) return -1; /* only standard queries are supported */
        flags &= 0x0300; /* Only TC and RD get preserved. */

        server_req = malloc(sizeof(struct server_request));
        if (server_req == NULL) return -1;
        memset(server_req, 0, sizeof(struct server_request));

        server_req->trans_id = trans_id;
        memcpy(&server_req->addr, addr, addrlen);
        server_req->addrlen = addrlen;

        server_req->base.flags = flags;
        server_req->base.nquestions = 0;
        server_req->base.questions = malloc(sizeof(struct evdns_server_question *) * questions);
        if (server_req->base.questions == NULL)
                goto err;

        for (i = 0; i < questions; ++i) {
                u16 type, class;
                struct evdns_server_question *q;
                int namelen;
                if (name_parse(packet, length, &j, tmp_name, sizeof(tmp_name))<0)
                        goto err;
                GET16(type);
                GET16(class);
                namelen = strlen(tmp_name);
                q = malloc(sizeof(struct evdns_server_question) + namelen);
                if (!q)
                        goto err;
                q->type = type;
                q->class = class;
                memcpy(q->name, tmp_name, namelen+1);
                server_req->base.questions[server_req->base.nquestions++] = q;
        }

        /* Ignore answers, authority, and additional. */

        server_req->port = port;
        port->refcnt++;
        port->user_callback(&(server_req->base), port->user_data);

        return 0;
err:
        if (server_req) {
                if (server_req->base.questions) {
                        for (i = 0; i < server_req->base.nquestions; ++i)
                                free(server_req->base.questions[i]);
                        free(server_req->base.questions);
                }
                free(server_req);
        }
        return -1;

#undef SKIP_NAME
#undef GET32
#undef GET16
#undef GET8
}

/* Try to choose a strong transaction id which isn't already in flight */
static u16
transaction_id_pick(void) {
        for (;;) {
                const struct request *req = req_head, *started_at;
#ifdef DNS_USE_CPU_CLOCK_FOR_ID
                struct timespec ts;
                u16 trans_id;
#ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
                if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) == -1)
#else
                if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts) == -1)
#endif
                        event_err(1, "clock_gettime");
                trans_id = ts.tv_nsec & 0xffff;
#endif

#ifdef DNS_USE_GETTIMEOFDAY_FOR_ID
                struct timeval tv;
                u16 trans_id;
                gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
                trans_id = tv.tv_usec & 0xffff;
#endif

#ifdef DNS_USE_OPENSSL_FOR_ID
                u16 trans_id;
                if (RAND_pseudo_bytes((u8 *) &trans_id, 2) == -1) {
                        /* in the case that the RAND call fails we back */
                        /* down to using gettimeofday. */
                        struct timeval tv;
                        gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
                        trans_id = tv.tv_usec & 0xffff; */
                        abort();
                }
#endif

                if (trans_id == 0xffff) continue;
                /* now check to see if that id is already inflight */
                req = started_at = req_head;
                if (req) {
                        do {
                                if (req->trans_id == trans_id) break;
                                req = req->next;
                        } while (req != started_at);
                }
                /* we didn't find it, so this is a good id */
                if (req == started_at) return trans_id;
        }
}

/* choose a namesever to use. This function will try to ignore */
/* nameservers which we think are down and load balance across the rest */
/* by updating the server_head global each time. */
static struct nameserver *
nameserver_pick(void) {
        struct nameserver *started_at = server_head, *picked;
        if (!server_head) return NULL;

        /* if we don't have any good nameservers then there's no */
        /* point in trying to find one. */
        if (!global_good_nameservers) {
                server_head = server_head->next;
                return server_head;
        }

        /* remember that nameservers are in a circular list */
        for (;;) {
                if (server_head->state) {
                        /* we think this server is currently good */
                        picked = server_head;
                        server_head = server_head->next;
                        return picked;
                }

                server_head = server_head->next;
                if (server_head == started_at) {
                        /* all the nameservers seem to be down */
                        /* so we just return this one and hope for the */
                        /* best */
                        assert(global_good_nameservers == 0);
                        picked = server_head;
                        server_head = server_head->next;
                        return picked;
                }
        }
}

/* this is called when a namesever socket is ready for reading */
static void
nameserver_read(struct nameserver *ns) {
        u8 packet[1500];

        for (;;) {
                const int r = recv(ns->socket, packet, sizeof(packet), 0);
                if (r < 0) {
                        int err = last_error(ns->socket);
                        if (error_is_eagain(err)) return;
                        nameserver_failed(ns, strerror(err));
                        return;
                }
                ns->timedout = 0;
                reply_parse(packet, r);
        }
}

/* Read a packet from a DNS client on a server port s, parse it, and */
/* act accordingly. */
static void
server_port_read(struct evdns_server_port *s) {
        u8 packet[1500];
        struct sockaddr_storage addr;
        socklen_t addrlen;
        int r;

        for (;;) {
                addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage);
                r = recvfrom(s->socket, packet, sizeof(packet), 0,
                                         (struct sockaddr*) &addr, &addrlen);
                if (r < 0) {
                        int err = last_error(s->socket);
                        if (error_is_eagain(err)) return;
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Error %s (%d) while reading request.",
                                strerror(err), err);
                        return;
                }
                request_parse(packet, r, s, (struct sockaddr*) &addr, addrlen);
        }
}

/* Try to write all pending replies on a given DNS server port. */
static void
server_port_flush(struct evdns_server_port *port)
{
        while (port->pending_replies) {
                struct server_request *req = port->pending_replies;
                int r = sendto(port->socket, req->response, req->response_len, 0,
                           (struct sockaddr*) &req->addr, req->addrlen);
                if (r < 0) {
                        int err = last_error(port->socket);
                        if (error_is_eagain(err))
                                return;
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Error %s (%d) while writing response to port; dropping", strerror(err), err);
                }
                if (server_request_free(req)) {
                        /* we released the last reference to req->port. */
                        return;
                }
        }

        /* We have no more pending requests; stop listening for 'writeable' events. */
        (void) event_del(&port->event);
        event_set(&port->event, port->socket, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST,
                          server_port_ready_callback, port);
        if (event_add(&port->event, NULL) < 0) {
                log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Error from libevent when adding event for DNS server.");
                /* ???? Do more? */
        }
}

/* set if we are waiting for the ability to write to this server. */
/* if waiting is true then we ask libevent for EV_WRITE events, otherwise */
/* we stop these events. */
static void
nameserver_write_waiting(struct nameserver *ns, char waiting) {
        if (ns->write_waiting == waiting) return;

        ns->write_waiting = waiting;
        (void) event_del(&ns->event);
        event_set(&ns->event, ns->socket, EV_READ | (waiting ? EV_WRITE : 0) | EV_PERSIST,
                        nameserver_ready_callback, ns);
        if (event_add(&ns->event, NULL) < 0) {
          log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Error from libevent when adding event for %s",
              debug_ntoa(ns->address));
          /* ???? Do more? */
        }
}

/* a callback function. Called by libevent when the kernel says that */
/* a nameserver socket is ready for writing or reading */
static void
nameserver_ready_callback(int fd, short events, void *arg) {
        struct nameserver *ns = (struct nameserver *) arg;
        (void)fd;

        if (events & EV_WRITE) {
                ns->choked = 0;
                if (!evdns_transmit()) {
                        nameserver_write_waiting(ns, 0);
                }
        }
        if (events & EV_READ) {
                nameserver_read(ns);
        }
}

/* a callback function. Called by libevent when the kernel says that */
/* a server socket is ready for writing or reading. */
static void
server_port_ready_callback(int fd, short events, void *arg) {
        struct evdns_server_port *port = (struct evdns_server_port *) arg;
        (void) fd;

        if (events & EV_WRITE) {
                port->choked = 0;
                server_port_flush(port);
        }
        if (events & EV_READ) {
                server_port_read(port);
        }
}

/* This is an inefficient representation; only use it via the dnslabel_table_*
 * functions, so that is can be safely replaced with something smarter later. */
#define MAX_LABELS 128
/* Structures used to implement name compression */
struct dnslabel_entry { char *v; off_t pos; };
struct dnslabel_table {
        int n_labels; /* number of current entries */
        /* map from name to position in message */
        struct dnslabel_entry labels[MAX_LABELS];
};

/* Initialize dnslabel_table. */
static void
dnslabel_table_init(struct dnslabel_table *table)
{
        table->n_labels = 0;
}

/* Free all storage held by table, but not the table itself. */
static void
dnslabel_clear(struct dnslabel_table *table)
{
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < table->n_labels; ++i)
                free(table->labels[i].v);
        table->n_labels = 0;
}

/* return the position of the label in the current message, or -1 if the label */
/* hasn't been used yet. */
static int
dnslabel_table_get_pos(const struct dnslabel_table *table, const char *label)
{
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < table->n_labels; ++i) {
                if (!strcmp(label, table->labels[i].v))
                        return table->labels[i].pos;
        }
        return -1;
}

/* remember that we've used the label at position pos */
static int
dnslabel_table_add(struct dnslabel_table *table, const char *label, off_t pos)
{
        char *v;
        int p;
        if (table->n_labels == MAX_LABELS)
                return (-1);
        v = strdup(label);
        if (v == NULL)
                return (-1);
        p = table->n_labels++;
        table->labels[p].v = v;
        table->labels[p].pos = pos;

        return (0);
}

/* Converts a string to a length-prefixed set of DNS labels, starting */
/* at buf[j]. name and buf must not overlap. name_len should be the length */
/* of name.      table is optional, and is used for compression. */
/* */
/* Input: abc.def */
/* Output: <3>abc<3>def<0> */
/* */
/* Returns the first index after the encoded name, or negative on error. */
/*       -1      label was > 63 bytes */
/*       -2      name too long to fit in buffer. */
/* */
static off_t
dnsname_to_labels(u8 *const buf, size_t buf_len, off_t j,
                                  const char *name, const int name_len,
                                  struct dnslabel_table *table) {
        const char *end = name + name_len;
        int ref = 0;
        u16 _t;

#define APPEND16(x) do {                                                   \
                if (j + 2 > (off_t)buf_len)                                \
                        goto overflow;                                             \
                _t = htons(x);                                                     \
                memcpy(buf + j, &_t, 2);                                   \
                j += 2;                                                                    \
        } while (0)
#define APPEND32(x) do {                                                   \
                if (j + 4 > (off_t)buf_len)                                \
                        goto overflow;                                             \
                _t32 = htonl(x);                                                   \
                memcpy(buf + j, &_t32, 4);                                 \
                j += 4;                                                                    \
        } while (0)

        if (name_len > 255) return -2;

        for (;;) {
                const char *const start = name;
                if (table && (ref = dnslabel_table_get_pos(table, name)) >= 0) {
                        APPEND16(ref | 0xc000);
                        return j;
                }
                name = strchr(name, '.');
                if (!name) {
                        const unsigned int label_len = end - start;
                        if (label_len > 63) return -1;
                        if ((size_t)(j+label_len+1) > buf_len) return -2;
                        if (table) dnslabel_table_add(table, start, j);
                        buf[j++] = label_len;

                        memcpy(buf + j, start, end - start);
                        j += end - start;
                        break;
                } else {
                        /* append length of the label. */
                        const unsigned int label_len = name - start;
                        if (label_len > 63) return -1;
                        if ((size_t)(j+label_len+1) > buf_len) return -2;
                        if (table) dnslabel_table_add(table, start, j);
                        buf[j++] = label_len;

                        memcpy(buf + j, start, name - start);
                        j += name - start;
                        /* hop over the '.' */
                        name++;
                }
        }

        /* the labels must be terminated by a 0. */
        /* It's possible that the name ended in a . */
        /* in which case the zero is already there */
        if (!j || buf[j-1]) buf[j++] = 0;
        return j;
 overflow:
        return (-2);
}

/* Finds the length of a dns request for a DNS name of the given */
/* length. The actual request may be smaller than the value returned */
/* here */
static int
evdns_request_len(const int name_len) {
        return 96 + /* length of the DNS standard header */
                name_len + 2 +
                4;  /* space for the resource type */
}

/* build a dns request packet into buf. buf should be at least as long */
/* as evdns_request_len told you it should be. */
/* */
/* Returns the amount of space used. Negative on error. */
static int
evdns_request_data_build(const char *const name, const int name_len,
    const u16 trans_id, const u16 type, const u16 class,
    u8 *const buf, size_t buf_len) {
        off_t j = 0;  /* current offset into buf */
        u16 _t;  /* used by the macros */

        APPEND16(trans_id);
        APPEND16(0x0100);  /* standard query, recusion needed */
        APPEND16(1);  /* one question */
        APPEND16(0);  /* no answers */
        APPEND16(0);  /* no authority */
        APPEND16(0);  /* no additional */

        j = dnsname_to_labels(buf, buf_len, j, name, name_len, NULL);
        if (j < 0) {
                return (int)j;
        }
        
        APPEND16(type);
        APPEND16(class);

        return (int)j;
 overflow:
        return (-1);
}

/* exported function */
struct evdns_server_port *
evdns_add_server_port(int socket, int is_tcp, evdns_request_callback_fn_type cb, void *user_data)
{
        struct evdns_server_port *port;
        if (!(port = malloc(sizeof(struct evdns_server_port))))
                return NULL;
        memset(port, 0, sizeof(struct evdns_server_port));

        assert(!is_tcp); /* TCP sockets not yet implemented */
        port->socket = socket;
        port->refcnt = 1;
        port->choked = 0;
        port->closing = 0;
        port->user_callback = cb;
        port->user_data = user_data;
        port->pending_replies = NULL;

        event_set(&port->event, port->socket, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST,
                          server_port_ready_callback, port);
        event_add(&port->event, NULL); /* check return. */
        return port;
}

/* exported function */
void
evdns_close_server_port(struct evdns_server_port *port)
{
        if (--port->refcnt == 0)
                server_port_free(port);
        port->closing = 1;
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_add_reply(struct evdns_server_request *_req, int section, const char *name, int type, int class, int ttl, int datalen, int is_name, const char *data)
{
        struct server_request *req = TO_SERVER_REQUEST(_req);
        struct server_reply_item **itemp, *item;
        int *countp;

        if (req->response) /* have we already answered? */
                return (-1);

        switch (section) {
        case EVDNS_ANSWER_SECTION:
                itemp = &req->answer;
                countp = &req->n_answer;
                break;
        case EVDNS_AUTHORITY_SECTION:
                itemp = &req->authority;
                countp = &req->n_authority;
                break;
        case EVDNS_ADDITIONAL_SECTION:
                itemp = &req->additional;
                countp = &req->n_additional;
                break;
        default:
                return (-1);
        }
        while (*itemp) {
                itemp = &((*itemp)->next);
        }
        item = malloc(sizeof(struct server_reply_item));
        if (!item)
                return -1;
        item->next = NULL;
        if (!(item->name = strdup(name))) {
                free(item);
                return -1;
        }
        item->type = type;
        item->class = class;
        item->ttl = ttl;
        item->is_name = is_name != 0;
        item->datalen = 0;
        item->data = NULL;
        if (data) {
                if (item->is_name) {
                        if (!(item->data = strdup(data))) {
                                free(item->name);
                                free(item);
                                return -1;
                        }
                        item->datalen = (u16)-1;
                } else {
                        if (!(item->data = malloc(datalen))) {
                                free(item->name);
                                free(item);
                                return -1;
                        }
                        item->datalen = datalen;
                        memcpy(item->data, data, datalen);
                }
        }

        *itemp = item;
        ++(*countp);
        return 0;
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_add_a_reply(struct evdns_server_request *req, const char *name, int n, void *addrs, int ttl)
{
        return evdns_server_request_add_reply(
                  req, EVDNS_ANSWER_SECTION, name, TYPE_A, CLASS_INET,
                  ttl, n*4, 0, addrs);
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_add_aaaa_reply(struct evdns_server_request *req, const char *name, int n, void *addrs, int ttl)
{
        return evdns_server_request_add_reply(
                  req, EVDNS_ANSWER_SECTION, name, TYPE_AAAA, CLASS_INET,
                  ttl, n*16, 0, addrs);
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_add_ptr_reply(struct evdns_server_request *req, struct in_addr *in, const char *inaddr_name, const char *hostname, int ttl)
{
        u32 a;
        char buf[32];
        assert(in || inaddr_name);
        assert(!(in && inaddr_name));
        if (in) {
                a = ntohl(in->s_addr);
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d.%d.%d.%d.in-addr.arpa",
                                (int)(u8)((a    )&0xff),
                                (int)(u8)((a>>8 )&0xff),
                                (int)(u8)((a>>16)&0xff),
                                (int)(u8)((a>>24)&0xff));
                inaddr_name = buf;
        }
        return evdns_server_request_add_reply(
                  req, EVDNS_ANSWER_SECTION, inaddr_name, TYPE_PTR, CLASS_INET,
                  ttl, -1, 1, hostname);
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_add_cname_reply(struct evdns_server_request *req, const char *name, const char *cname, int ttl)
{
        return evdns_server_request_add_reply(
                  req, EVDNS_ANSWER_SECTION, name, TYPE_A, CLASS_INET,
                  ttl, -1, 1, cname);
}


static int
evdns_server_request_format_response(struct server_request *req, int err)
{
        unsigned char buf[1500];
        size_t buf_len = sizeof(buf);
        off_t j = 0, r;
        u16 _t;
        u32 _t32;
        int i;
        u16 flags;
        struct dnslabel_table table;

        if (err < 0 || err > 15) return -1;

        /* Set response bit and error code; copy OPCODE and RD fields from
         * question; copy RA and AA if set by caller. */
        flags = req->base.flags;
        flags |= (0x8000 | err);

        dnslabel_table_init(&table);
        APPEND16(req->trans_id);
        APPEND16(flags);
        APPEND16(req->base.nquestions);
        APPEND16(req->n_answer);
        APPEND16(req->n_authority);
        APPEND16(req->n_additional);

        /* Add questions. */
        for (i=0; i < req->base.nquestions; ++i) {
                const char *s = req->base.questions[i]->name;
                j = dnsname_to_labels(buf, buf_len, j, s, strlen(s), &table);
                if (j < 0) {
                        dnslabel_clear(&table);
                        return (int) j;
                }
                APPEND16(req->base.questions[i]->type);
                APPEND16(req->base.questions[i]->class);
        }

        /* Add answer, authority, and additional sections. */
        for (i=0; i<3; ++i) {
                struct server_reply_item *item;
                if (i==0)
                        item = req->answer;
                else if (i==1)
                        item = req->authority;
                else
                        item = req->additional;
                while (item) {
                        r = dnsname_to_labels(buf, buf_len, j, item->name, strlen(item->name), &table);
                        if (r < 0)
                                goto overflow;
                        j = r;

                        APPEND16(item->type);
                        APPEND16(item->class);
                        APPEND32(item->ttl);
                        if (item->is_name) {
                                off_t len_idx = j, name_start;
                                j += 2;
                                name_start = j;
                                r = dnsname_to_labels(buf, buf_len, j, item->data, strlen(item->data), &table);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        goto overflow;
                                j = r;
                                _t = htons( (j-name_start) );
                                memcpy(buf+len_idx, &_t, 2);
                        } else {
                                APPEND16(item->datalen);
                                if (j+item->datalen > (off_t)buf_len)
                                        goto overflow;
                                memcpy(buf+j, item->data, item->datalen);
                                j += item->datalen;
                        }
                        item = item->next;
                }
        }

        if (j > 512) {
overflow:
                j = 512;
                buf[3] |= 0x02; /* set the truncated bit. */
        }

        req->response_len = j;

        if (!(req->response = malloc(req->response_len))) {
                server_request_free_answers(req);
                dnslabel_clear(&table);
                return (-1);
        }
        memcpy(req->response, buf, req->response_len);
        server_request_free_answers(req);
        dnslabel_clear(&table);
        return (0);
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_respond(struct evdns_server_request *_req, int err)
{
        struct server_request *req = TO_SERVER_REQUEST(_req);
        struct evdns_server_port *port = req->port;
        int r;
        if (!req->response) {
                if ((r = evdns_server_request_format_response(req, err))<0)
                        return r;
        }

        r = sendto(port->socket, req->response, req->response_len, 0,
                           (struct sockaddr*) &req->addr, req->addrlen);
        if (r<0) {
                int err = last_error(port->socket);
                if (! error_is_eagain(err))
                        return -1;

                if (port->pending_replies) {
                        req->prev_pending = port->pending_replies->prev_pending;
                        req->next_pending = port->pending_replies;
                        req->prev_pending->next_pending =
                                req->next_pending->prev_pending = req;
                } else {
                        req->prev_pending = req->next_pending = req;
                        port->pending_replies = req;
                        port->choked = 1;

                        (void) event_del(&port->event);
                        event_set(&port->event, port->socket, (port->closing?0:EV_READ) | EV_WRITE | EV_PERSIST, server_port_ready_callback, port);

                        if (event_add(&port->event, NULL) < 0) {
                                log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Error from libevent when adding event for DNS server");
                        }

                }

                return 1;
        }
        if (server_request_free(req))
                return 0;

        if (port->pending_replies)
                server_port_flush(port);

        return 0;
}

/* Free all storage held by RRs in req. */
static void
server_request_free_answers(struct server_request *req)
{
        struct server_reply_item *victim, *next, **list;
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
                if (i==0)
                        list = &req->answer;
                else if (i==1)
                        list = &req->authority;
                else
                        list = &req->additional;

                victim = *list;
                while (victim) {
                        next = victim->next;
                        free(victim->name);
                        if (victim->data)
                                free(victim->data);
                        free(victim);
                        victim = next;
                }
                *list = NULL;
        }
}

/* Free all storage held by req, and remove links to it. */
/* return true iff we just wound up freeing the server_port. */
static int
server_request_free(struct server_request *req)
{
        int i, rc=1;
        if (req->base.questions) {
                for (i = 0; i < req->base.nquestions; ++i)
                        free(req->base.questions[i]);
                free(req->base.questions);
        }

        if (req->port) {
                if (req->port->pending_replies == req) {
                        if (req->next_pending)
                                req->port->pending_replies = req->next_pending;
                        else
                                req->port->pending_replies = NULL;
                }
                rc = --req->port->refcnt;
        }

        if (req->response) {
                free(req->response);
        }

        server_request_free_answers(req);

        if (req->next_pending && req->next_pending != req) {
                req->next_pending->prev_pending = req->prev_pending;
                req->prev_pending->next_pending = req->next_pending;
        }

        if (rc == 0) {
                server_port_free(req->port);
                free(req);
                return (1);
        }
        free(req);
        return (0);
}

/* Free all storage held by an evdns_server_port.  Only called when  */
static void
server_port_free(struct evdns_server_port *port)
{
        assert(port);
        assert(!port->refcnt);
        assert(!port->pending_replies);
        if (port->socket > 0) {
                CLOSE_SOCKET(port->socket);
                port->socket = -1;
        }
        (void) event_del(&port->event);
        /* XXXX actually free the port? -NM */
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_drop(struct evdns_server_request *_req)
{
        struct server_request *req = TO_SERVER_REQUEST(_req);
        server_request_free(req);
        return 0;
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_server_request_get_requesting_addr(struct evdns_server_request *_req, struct sockaddr *sa, int addr_len)
{
        struct server_request *req = TO_SERVER_REQUEST(_req);
        if (addr_len < (int)req->addrlen)
                return -1;
        memcpy(sa, &(req->addr), req->addrlen);
        return req->addrlen;
}

#undef APPEND16
#undef APPEND32

/* this is a libevent callback function which is called when a request */
/* has timed out. */
static void
evdns_request_timeout_callback(int fd, short events, void *arg) {
        struct request *const req = (struct request *) arg;
        (void) fd;
        (void) events;

        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Request %lx timed out", (unsigned long) arg);

        req->ns->timedout++;
        if (req->ns->timedout > global_max_nameserver_timeout) {
                req->ns->timedout = 0;
                nameserver_failed(req->ns, "request timed out.");
        }

        (void) evtimer_del(&req->timeout_event);
        if (req->tx_count >= global_max_retransmits) {
                /* this request has failed */
                reply_callback(req, 0, DNS_ERR_TIMEOUT, NULL);
                request_finished(req, &req_head);
        } else {
                /* retransmit it */
                evdns_request_transmit(req);
        }
}

/* try to send a request to a given server. */
/* */
/* return: */
/*   0 ok */
/*   1 temporary failure */
/*   2 other failure */
static int
evdns_request_transmit_to(struct request *req, struct nameserver *server) {
        const int r = send(server->socket, req->request, req->request_len, 0);
        if (r < 0) {
                int err = last_error(server->socket);
                if (error_is_eagain(err)) return 1;
                nameserver_failed(req->ns, strerror(err));
                return 2;
        } else if (r != (int)req->request_len) {
                return 1;  /* short write */
        } else {
                return 0;
        }
}

/* try to send a request, updating the fields of the request */
/* as needed */
/* */
/* return: */
/*   0 ok */
/*   1 failed */
static int
evdns_request_transmit(struct request *req) {
        int retcode = 0, r;

        /* if we fail to send this packet then this flag marks it */
        /* for evdns_transmit */
        req->transmit_me = 1;
        if (req->trans_id == 0xffff) abort();

        if (req->ns->choked) {
                /* don't bother trying to write to a socket */
                /* which we have had EAGAIN from */
                return 1;
        }

        r = evdns_request_transmit_to(req, req->ns);
        switch (r) {
        case 1:
                /* temp failure */
                req->ns->choked = 1;
                nameserver_write_waiting(req->ns, 1);
                return 1;
        case 2:
                /* failed in some other way */
                retcode = 1;
                /* fall through */
        default:
                /* all ok */
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG,
                    "Setting timeout for request %lx", (unsigned long) req);
                evtimer_set(&req->timeout_event, evdns_request_timeout_callback, req);
                if (evtimer_add(&req->timeout_event, &global_timeout) < 0) {
                  log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN,
                      "Error from libevent when adding timer for request %lx",
                      (unsigned long) req);
                  /* ???? Do more? */
                }
                req->tx_count++;
                req->transmit_me = 0;
                return retcode;
        }
}

static void
nameserver_probe_callback(int result, char type, int count, int ttl, void *addresses, void *arg) {
        struct nameserver *const ns = (struct nameserver *) arg;
        (void) type;
        (void) count;
        (void) ttl;
        (void) addresses;

        if (result == DNS_ERR_NONE || result == DNS_ERR_NOTEXIST) {
                /* this is a good reply */
                nameserver_up(ns);
        } else nameserver_probe_failed(ns);
}

static void
nameserver_send_probe(struct nameserver *const ns) {
        struct request *req;
        /* here we need to send a probe to a given nameserver */
        /* in the hope that it is up now. */

        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Sending probe to %s", debug_ntoa(ns->address));

        req = request_new(TYPE_A, "www.google.com", DNS_QUERY_NO_SEARCH, nameserver_probe_callback, ns);
        if (!req) return;
        /* we force this into the inflight queue no matter what */
        request_trans_id_set(req, transaction_id_pick());
        req->ns = ns;
        request_submit(req);
}

/* returns: */
/*   0 didn't try to transmit anything */
/*   1 tried to transmit something */
static int
evdns_transmit(void) {
        char did_try_to_transmit = 0;

        if (req_head) {
                struct request *const started_at = req_head, *req = req_head;
                /* first transmit all the requests which are currently waiting */
                do {
                        if (req->transmit_me) {
                                did_try_to_transmit = 1;
                                evdns_request_transmit(req);
                        }

                        req = req->next;
                } while (req != started_at);
        }

        return did_try_to_transmit;
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_count_nameservers(void)
{
        const struct nameserver *server = server_head;
        int n = 0;
        if (!server)
                return 0;
        do {
                ++n;
                server = server->next;
        } while (server != server_head);
        return n;
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_clear_nameservers_and_suspend(void)
{
        struct nameserver *server = server_head, *started_at = server_head;
        struct request *req = req_head, *req_started_at = req_head;

        if (!server)
                return 0;
        while (1) {
                struct nameserver *next = server->next;
                (void) event_del(&server->event);
                (void) evtimer_del(&server->timeout_event);
                if (server->socket >= 0)
                        CLOSE_SOCKET(server->socket);
                free(server);
                if (next == started_at)
                        break;
                server = next;
        }
        server_head = NULL;
        global_good_nameservers = 0;

        while (req) {
                struct request *next = req->next;
                req->tx_count = req->reissue_count = 0;
                req->ns = NULL;
                /* ???? What to do about searches? */
                (void) evtimer_del(&req->timeout_event);
                req->trans_id = 0;
                req->transmit_me = 0;

                global_requests_waiting++;
                evdns_request_insert(req, &req_waiting_head);
                /* We want to insert these suspended elements at the front of
                 * the waiting queue, since they were pending before any of
                 * the waiting entries were added.  This is a circular list,
                 * so we can just shift the start back by one.*/
                req_waiting_head = req_waiting_head->prev;

                if (next == req_started_at)
                        break;
                req = next;
        }
        req_head = NULL;
        global_requests_inflight = 0;

        return 0;
}


/* exported function */
int
evdns_resume(void)
{
        evdns_requests_pump_waiting_queue();
        return 0;
}

static int
_evdns_nameserver_add_impl(unsigned long int address, int port) {
        /* first check to see if we already have this nameserver */

        const struct nameserver *server = server_head, *const started_at = server_head;
        struct nameserver *ns;
        struct sockaddr_in sin;
        int err = 0;
        if (server) {
                do {
                        if (server->address == address) return 3;
                        server = server->next;
                } while (server != started_at);
        }

        ns = (struct nameserver *) malloc(sizeof(struct nameserver));
        if (!ns) return -1;

        memset(ns, 0, sizeof(struct nameserver));

        ns->socket = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
        if (ns->socket < 0) { err = 1; goto out1; }
#ifdef WIN32
        {
                u_long nonblocking = 1;
                ioctlsocket(ns->socket, FIONBIO, &nonblocking);
        }
#else
        fcntl(ns->socket, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
#endif
        sin.sin_addr.s_addr = address;
        sin.sin_port = htons(port);
        sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
        if (connect(ns->socket, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof(sin)) != 0) {
                err = 2;
                goto out2;
        }

        ns->address = address;
        ns->state = 1;
        event_set(&ns->event, ns->socket, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, nameserver_ready_callback, ns);
        if (event_add(&ns->event, NULL) < 0) {
          err = 2;
          goto out2;
        }

        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Added nameserver %s", debug_ntoa(address));

        /* insert this nameserver into the list of them */
        if (!server_head) {
                ns->next = ns->prev = ns;
                server_head = ns;
        } else {
                ns->next = server_head->next;
                ns->prev = server_head;
                server_head->next = ns;
                if (server_head->prev == server_head) {
                        server_head->prev = ns;
                }
        }

        global_good_nameservers++;

        return 0;

out2:
        CLOSE_SOCKET(ns->socket);
out1:
        free(ns);
        log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Unable to add nameserver %s: error %d", debug_ntoa(address), err);
        return err;
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_nameserver_add(unsigned long int address) {
        return _evdns_nameserver_add_impl(address, 53);
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_nameserver_ip_add(const char *ip_as_string) {
        struct in_addr ina;
        int port;
        char buf[20];
        const char *cp;
        cp = strchr(ip_as_string, ':');
        if (! cp) {
                cp = ip_as_string;
                port = 53;
        } else {
                port = strtoint(cp+1);
                if (port < 0 || port > 65535) {
                        return 4;
                }
                if ((cp-ip_as_string) >= (int)sizeof(buf)) {
                        return 4;
                }
                memcpy(buf, ip_as_string, cp-ip_as_string);
                buf[cp-ip_as_string] = '\0';
                cp = buf;
        }
        if (!inet_aton(cp, &ina)) {
                return 4;
        }
        return _evdns_nameserver_add_impl(ina.s_addr, port);
}

/* insert into the tail of the queue */
static void
evdns_request_insert(struct request *req, struct request **head) {
        if (!*head) {
                *head = req;
                req->next = req->prev = req;
                return;
        }

        req->prev = (*head)->prev;
        req->prev->next = req;
        req->next = *head;
        (*head)->prev = req;
}

static int
string_num_dots(const char *s) {
        int count = 0;
        while ((s = strchr(s, '.'))) {
                s++;
                count++;
        }
        return count;
}

static struct request *
request_new(int type, const char *name, int flags,
    evdns_callback_type callback, void *user_ptr) {
        const char issuing_now =
            (global_requests_inflight < global_max_requests_inflight) ? 1 : 0;

        const int name_len = strlen(name);
        const int request_max_len = evdns_request_len(name_len);
        const u16 trans_id = issuing_now ? transaction_id_pick() : 0xffff;
        /* the request data is alloced in a single block with the header */
        struct request *const req =
            (struct request *) malloc(sizeof(struct request) + request_max_len);
        int rlen;
        (void) flags;

        if (!req) return NULL;
        memset(req, 0, sizeof(struct request));

        /* request data lives just after the header */
        req->request = ((u8 *) req) + sizeof(struct request);
        /* denotes that the request data shouldn't be free()ed */
        req->request_appended = 1;
        rlen = evdns_request_data_build(name, name_len, trans_id,
            type, CLASS_INET, req->request, request_max_len);
        if (rlen < 0)
                goto err1;
        req->request_len = rlen;
        req->trans_id = trans_id;
        req->tx_count = 0;
        req->request_type = type;
        req->user_pointer = user_ptr;
        req->user_callback = callback;
        req->ns = issuing_now ? nameserver_pick() : NULL;
        req->next = req->prev = NULL;

        return req;
err1:
        free(req);
        return NULL;
}

static void
request_submit(struct request *const req) {
        if (req->ns) {
                /* if it has a nameserver assigned then this is going */
                /* straight into the inflight queue */
                evdns_request_insert(req, &req_head);
                global_requests_inflight++;
                evdns_request_transmit(req);
        } else {
                evdns_request_insert(req, &req_waiting_head);
                global_requests_waiting++;
        }
}

/* exported function */
int evdns_resolve_ipv4(const char *name, int flags,
    evdns_callback_type callback, void *ptr) {
        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Resolve requested for %s", name);
        if (flags & DNS_QUERY_NO_SEARCH) {
                struct request *const req =
                        request_new(TYPE_A, name, flags, callback, ptr);
                if (req == NULL)
                        return (1);
                request_submit(req);
                return (0);
        } else {
                return (search_request_new(TYPE_A, name, flags, callback, ptr));
        }
}

/* exported function */
int evdns_resolve_ipv6(const char *name, int flags,
                                           evdns_callback_type callback, void *ptr) {
        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Resolve requested for %s", name);
        if (flags & DNS_QUERY_NO_SEARCH) {
                struct request *const req =
                        request_new(TYPE_AAAA, name, flags, callback, ptr);
                if (req == NULL)
                        return (1);
                request_submit(req);
                return (0);
        } else {
                return (search_request_new(TYPE_AAAA, name, flags, callback, ptr));
        }
}

int evdns_resolve_reverse(struct in_addr *in, int flags, evdns_callback_type callback, void *ptr) {
        char buf[32];
        struct request *req;
        u32 a;
        assert(in);
        a = ntohl(in->s_addr);
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d.%d.%d.%d.in-addr.arpa",
                        (int)(u8)((a    )&0xff),
                        (int)(u8)((a>>8 )&0xff),
                        (int)(u8)((a>>16)&0xff),
                        (int)(u8)((a>>24)&0xff));
        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Resolve requested for %s (reverse)", buf);
        req = request_new(TYPE_PTR, buf, flags, callback, ptr);
        if (!req) return 1;
        request_submit(req);
        return 0;
}

int evdns_resolve_reverse_ipv6(struct in6_addr *in, int flags, evdns_callback_type callback, void *ptr) {
        char buf[96];
        char *cp;
        struct request *req;
        int i;
        assert(in);
        cp = buf;
        for (i=15; i >= 0; --i) {
                u8 byte = in->s6_addr[i];
                *cp++ = "0123456789abcdef"[byte & 0x0f];
                *cp++ = '.';
                *cp++ = "0123456789abcdef"[byte >> 4];
                *cp++ = '.';
        }
        assert(cp + strlen(".ip6.arpa") < buf+sizeof(buf));
        memcpy(cp, ".ip6.arpa", strlen(".ip6.arpa")+1);
        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Resolve requested for %s (reverse)", buf);
        req = request_new(TYPE_PTR, buf, flags, callback, ptr);
        if (!req) return 1;
        request_submit(req);
        return 0;
}

/*/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// */
/* Search support */
/* */
/* the libc resolver has support for searching a number of domains */
/* to find a name. If nothing else then it takes the single domain */
/* from the gethostname() call. */
/* */
/* It can also be configured via the domain and search options in a */
/* resolv.conf. */
/* */
/* The ndots option controls how many dots it takes for the resolver */
/* to decide that a name is non-local and so try a raw lookup first. */

struct search_domain {
        int len;
        struct search_domain *next;
        /* the text string is appended to this structure */
};

struct search_state {
        int refcount;
        int ndots;
        int num_domains;
        struct search_domain *head;
};

static struct search_state *global_search_state = NULL;

static void
search_state_decref(struct search_state *const state) {
        if (!state) return;
        state->refcount--;
        if (!state->refcount) {
                struct search_domain *next, *dom;
                for (dom = state->head; dom; dom = next) {
                        next = dom->next;
                        free(dom);
                }
                free(state);
        }
}

static struct search_state *
search_state_new(void) {
        struct search_state *state = (struct search_state *) malloc(sizeof(struct search_state));
        if (!state) return NULL;
        memset(state, 0, sizeof(struct search_state));
        state->refcount = 1;
        state->ndots = 1;

        return state;
}

static void
search_postfix_clear(void) {
        search_state_decref(global_search_state);

        global_search_state = search_state_new();
}

/* exported function */
void
evdns_search_clear(void) {
        search_postfix_clear();
}

static void
search_postfix_add(const char *domain) {
        int domain_len;
        struct search_domain *sdomain;
        while (domain[0] == '.') domain++;
        domain_len = strlen(domain);

        if (!global_search_state) global_search_state = search_state_new();
        if (!global_search_state) return;
        global_search_state->num_domains++;

        sdomain = (struct search_domain *) malloc(sizeof(struct search_domain) + domain_len);
        if (!sdomain) return;
        memcpy( ((u8 *) sdomain) + sizeof(struct search_domain), domain, domain_len);
        sdomain->next = global_search_state->head;
        sdomain->len = domain_len;

        global_search_state->head = sdomain;
}

/* reverse the order of members in the postfix list. This is needed because, */
/* when parsing resolv.conf we push elements in the wrong order */
static void
search_reverse(void) {
        struct search_domain *cur, *prev = NULL, *next;
        cur = global_search_state->head;
        while (cur) {
                next = cur->next;
                cur->next = prev;
                prev = cur;
                cur = next;
        }

        global_search_state->head = prev;
}

/* exported function */
void
evdns_search_add(const char *domain) {
        search_postfix_add(domain);
}

/* exported function */
void
evdns_search_ndots_set(const int ndots) {
        if (!global_search_state) global_search_state = search_state_new();
        if (!global_search_state) return;
        global_search_state->ndots = ndots;
}

static void
search_set_from_hostname(void) {
        char hostname[HOST_NAME_MAX + 1], *domainname;

        search_postfix_clear();
        if (gethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname))) return;
        domainname = strchr(hostname, '.');
        if (!domainname) return;
        search_postfix_add(domainname);
}

/* warning: returns malloced string */
static char *
search_make_new(const struct search_state *const state, int n, const char *const base_name) {
        const int base_len = strlen(base_name);
        const char need_to_append_dot = base_name[base_len - 1] == '.' ? 0 : 1;
        struct search_domain *dom;

        for (dom = state->head; dom; dom = dom->next) {
                if (!n--) {
                        /* this is the postfix we want */
                        /* the actual postfix string is kept at the end of the structure */
                        const u8 *const postfix = ((u8 *) dom) + sizeof(struct search_domain);
                        const int postfix_len = dom->len;
                        char *const newname = (char *) malloc(base_len + need_to_append_dot + postfix_len + 1);
                        if (!newname) return NULL;
                        memcpy(newname, base_name, base_len);
                        if (need_to_append_dot) newname[base_len] = '.';
                        memcpy(newname + base_len + need_to_append_dot, postfix, postfix_len);
                        newname[base_len + need_to_append_dot + postfix_len] = 0;
                        return newname;
                }
        }

        /* we ran off the end of the list and still didn't find the requested string */
        abort();
        return NULL; /* unreachable; stops warnings in some compilers. */
}

static int
search_request_new(int type, const char *const name, int flags, evdns_callback_type user_callback, void *user_arg) {
        assert(type == TYPE_A || type == TYPE_AAAA);
        if ( ((flags & DNS_QUERY_NO_SEARCH) == 0) &&
             global_search_state &&
                 global_search_state->num_domains) {
                /* we have some domains to search */
                struct request *req;
                if (string_num_dots(name) >= global_search_state->ndots) {
                        req = request_new(type, name, flags, user_callback, user_arg);
                        if (!req) return 1;
                        req->search_index = -1;
                } else {
                        char *const new_name = search_make_new(global_search_state, 0, name);
                        if (!new_name) return 1;
                        req = request_new(type, new_name, flags, user_callback, user_arg);
                        free(new_name);
                        if (!req) return 1;
                        req->search_index = 0;
                }
                req->search_origname = strdup(name);
                req->search_state = global_search_state;
                req->search_flags = flags;
                global_search_state->refcount++;
                request_submit(req);
                return 0;
        } else {
                struct request *const req = request_new(type, name, flags, user_callback, user_arg);
                if (!req) return 1;
                request_submit(req);
                return 0;
        }
}

/* this is called when a request has failed to find a name. We need to check */
/* if it is part of a search and, if so, try the next name in the list */
/* returns: */
/*   0 another request has been submitted */
/*   1 no more requests needed */
static int
search_try_next(struct request *const req) {
        if (req->search_state) {
                /* it is part of a search */
                char *new_name;
                struct request *newreq;
                req->search_index++;
                if (req->search_index >= req->search_state->num_domains) {
                        /* no more postfixes to try, however we may need to try */
                        /* this name without a postfix */
                        if (string_num_dots(req->search_origname) < req->search_state->ndots) {
                                /* yep, we need to try it raw */
                                struct request *const newreq = request_new(req->request_type, req->search_origname, req->search_flags, req->user_callback, req->user_pointer);
                                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Search: trying raw query %s", req->search_origname);
                                if (newreq) {
                                        request_submit(newreq);
                                        return 0;
                                }
                        }
                        return 1;
                }

                new_name = search_make_new(req->search_state, req->search_index, req->search_origname);
                if (!new_name) return 1;
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Search: now trying %s (%d)", new_name, req->search_index);
                newreq = request_new(req->request_type, new_name, req->search_flags, req->user_callback, req->user_pointer);
                free(new_name);
                if (!newreq) return 1;
                newreq->search_origname = req->search_origname;
                req->search_origname = NULL;
                newreq->search_state = req->search_state;
                newreq->search_flags = req->search_flags;
                newreq->search_index = req->search_index;
                newreq->search_state->refcount++;
                request_submit(newreq);
                return 0;
        }
        return 1;
}

static void
search_request_finished(struct request *const req) {
        if (req->search_state) {
                search_state_decref(req->search_state);
                req->search_state = NULL;
        }
        if (req->search_origname) {
                free(req->search_origname);
                req->search_origname = NULL;
        }
}

/*/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// */
/* Parsing resolv.conf files */

static void
evdns_resolv_set_defaults(int flags) {
        /* if the file isn't found then we assume a local resolver */
        if (flags & DNS_OPTION_SEARCH) search_set_from_hostname();
        if (flags & DNS_OPTION_NAMESERVERS) evdns_nameserver_ip_add("127.0.0.1");
}

#ifndef HAVE_STRTOK_R
static char *
strtok_r(char *s, const char *delim, char **state) {
        return strtok(s, delim);
}
#endif

/* helper version of atoi which returns -1 on error */
static int
strtoint(const char *const str) {
        char *endptr;
        const int r = strtol(str, &endptr, 10);
        if (*endptr) return -1;
        return r;
}

/* helper version of atoi that returns -1 on error and clips to bounds. */
static int
strtoint_clipped(const char *const str, int min, int max)
{
        int r = strtoint(str);
        if (r == -1)
                return r;
        else if (r<min)
                return min;
        else if (r>max)
                return max;
        else
                return r;
}

/* exported function */
int
evdns_set_option(const char *option, const char *val, int flags)
{
        if (!strncmp(option, "ndots:", 6)) {
                const int ndots = strtoint(val);
                if (ndots == -1) return -1;
                if (!(flags & DNS_OPTION_SEARCH)) return 0;
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Setting ndots to %d", ndots);
                if (!global_search_state) global_search_state = search_state_new();
                if (!global_search_state) return -1;
                global_search_state->ndots = ndots;
        } else if (!strncmp(option, "timeout:", 8)) {
                const int timeout = strtoint(val);
                if (timeout == -1) return -1;
                if (!(flags & DNS_OPTION_MISC)) return 0;
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Setting timeout to %d", timeout);
                global_timeout.tv_sec = timeout;
        } else if (!strncmp(option, "max-timeouts:", 12)) {
                const int maxtimeout = strtoint_clipped(val, 1, 255);
                if (maxtimeout == -1) return -1;
                if (!(flags & DNS_OPTION_MISC)) return 0;
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Setting maximum allowed timeouts to %d",
                        maxtimeout);
                global_max_nameserver_timeout = maxtimeout;
        } else if (!strncmp(option, "max-inflight:", 13)) {
                const int maxinflight = strtoint_clipped(val, 1, 65000);
                if (maxinflight == -1) return -1;
                if (!(flags & DNS_OPTION_MISC)) return 0;
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Setting maximum inflight requests to %d",
                        maxinflight);
                global_max_requests_inflight = maxinflight;
        } else if (!strncmp(option, "attempts:", 9)) {
                int retries = strtoint(val);
                if (retries == -1) return -1;
                if (retries > 255) retries = 255;
                if (!(flags & DNS_OPTION_MISC)) return 0;
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Setting retries to %d", retries);
                global_max_retransmits = retries;
        }
        return 0;
}

static void
resolv_conf_parse_line(char *const start, int flags) {
        char *strtok_state;
        static const char *const delims = " \t";
#define NEXT_TOKEN strtok_r(NULL, delims, &strtok_state)

        char *const first_token = strtok_r(start, delims, &strtok_state);
        if (!first_token) return;

        if (!strcmp(first_token, "nameserver") && (flags & DNS_OPTION_NAMESERVERS)) {
                const char *const nameserver = NEXT_TOKEN;
                struct in_addr ina;

                if (inet_aton(nameserver, &ina)) {
                        /* address is valid */
                        evdns_nameserver_add(ina.s_addr);
                }
        } else if (!strcmp(first_token, "domain") && (flags & DNS_OPTION_SEARCH)) {
                const char *const domain = NEXT_TOKEN;
                if (domain) {
                        search_postfix_clear();
                        search_postfix_add(domain);
                }
        } else if (!strcmp(first_token, "search") && (flags & DNS_OPTION_SEARCH)) {
                const char *domain;
                search_postfix_clear();

                while ((domain = NEXT_TOKEN)) {
                        search_postfix_add(domain);
                }
                search_reverse();
        } else if (!strcmp(first_token, "options")) {
                const char *option;
                while ((option = NEXT_TOKEN)) {
                        const char *val = strchr(option, ':');
                        evdns_set_option(option, val ? val+1 : "", flags);
                }
        }
#undef NEXT_TOKEN
}

/* exported function */
/* returns: */
/*   0 no errors */
/*   1 failed to open file */
/*   2 failed to stat file */
/*   3 file too large */
/*   4 out of memory */
/*   5 short read from file */
int
evdns_resolv_conf_parse(int flags, const char *const filename) {
        struct stat st;
        int fd, n, r;
        u8 *resolv;
        char *start;
        int err = 0;

        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Parsing resolv.conf file %s", filename);

        fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0) {
                evdns_resolv_set_defaults(flags);
                return 1;
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &st)) { err = 2; goto out1; }
        if (!st.st_size) {
                evdns_resolv_set_defaults(flags);
                err = (flags & DNS_OPTION_NAMESERVERS) ? 6 : 0;
                goto out1;
        }
        if (st.st_size > 65535) { err = 3; goto out1; }  /* no resolv.conf should be any bigger */

        resolv = (u8 *) malloc((size_t)st.st_size + 1);
        if (!resolv) { err = 4; goto out1; }

        n = 0;
        while ((r = read(fd, resolv+n, (size_t)st.st_size-n)) > 0) {
                n += r;
                if (n == st.st_size)
                        break;
                assert(n < st.st_size);
        }
        if (r < 0) { err = 5; goto out2; }
        resolv[n] = 0;   /* we malloced an extra byte; this should be fine. */

        start = (char *) resolv;
        for (;;) {
                char *const newline = strchr(start, '\n');
                if (!newline) {
                        resolv_conf_parse_line(start, flags);
                        break;
                } else {
                        *newline = 0;
                        resolv_conf_parse_line(start, flags);
                        start = newline + 1;
                }
        }

        if (!server_head && (flags & DNS_OPTION_NAMESERVERS)) {
                /* no nameservers were configured. */
                evdns_nameserver_ip_add("127.0.0.1");
                err = 6;
        }
        if (flags & DNS_OPTION_SEARCH && (!global_search_state || global_search_state->num_domains == 0)) {
                search_set_from_hostname();
        }

out2:
        free(resolv);
out1:
        close(fd);
        return err;
}

#ifdef WIN32
/* Add multiple nameservers from a space-or-comma-separated list. */
static int
evdns_nameserver_ip_add_line(const char *ips) {
        const char *addr;
        char *buf;
        int r;
        while (*ips) {
                while (ISSPACE(*ips) || *ips == ',' || *ips == '\t')
                        ++ips;
                addr = ips;
                while (ISDIGIT(*ips) || *ips == '.' || *ips == ':')
                        ++ips;
                buf = malloc(ips-addr+1);
                if (!buf) return 4;
                memcpy(buf, addr, ips-addr);
                buf[ips-addr] = '\0';
                r = evdns_nameserver_ip_add(buf);
                free(buf);
                if (r) return r;
        }
        return 0;
}

typedef DWORD(WINAPI *GetNetworkParams_fn_t)(FIXED_INFO *, DWORD*);

/* Use the windows GetNetworkParams interface in iphlpapi.dll to */
/* figure out what our nameservers are. */
static int
load_nameservers_with_getnetworkparams(void)
{
        /* Based on MSDN examples and inspection of  c-ares code. */
        FIXED_INFO *fixed;
        HMODULE handle = 0;
        ULONG size = sizeof(FIXED_INFO);
        void *buf = NULL;
        int status = 0, r, added_any;
        IP_ADDR_STRING *ns;
        GetNetworkParams_fn_t fn;

        if (!(handle = LoadLibrary("iphlpapi.dll"))) {
                log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Could not open iphlpapi.dll");
                status = -1;
                goto done;
        }
        if (!(fn = (GetNetworkParams_fn_t) GetProcAddress(handle, "GetNetworkParams"))) {
                log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN, "Could not get address of function.");
                status = -1;
                goto done;
        }

        buf = malloc(size);
        if (!buf) { status = 4; goto done; }
        fixed = buf;
        r = fn(fixed, &size);
        if (r != ERROR_SUCCESS && r != ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW) {
                status = -1;
                goto done;
        }
        if (r != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                free(buf);
                buf = malloc(size);
                if (!buf) { status = 4; goto done; }
                fixed = buf;
                r = fn(fixed, &size);
                if (r != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "fn() failed.");
                        status = -1;
                        goto done;
                }
        }

        assert(fixed);
        added_any = 0;
        ns = &(fixed->DnsServerList);
        while (ns) {
                r = evdns_nameserver_ip_add_line(ns->IpAddress.String);
                if (r) {
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG,"Could not add nameserver %s to list,error: %d",
                                (ns->IpAddress.String),(int)GetLastError());
                        status = r;
                        goto done;
                } else {
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG,"Succesfully added %s as nameserver",ns->IpAddress.String);
                }

                added_any++;
                ns = ns->Next;
        }

        if (!added_any) {
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "No nameservers added.");
                status = -1;
        }

 done:
        if (buf)
                free(buf);
        if (handle)
                FreeLibrary(handle);
        return status;
}

static int
config_nameserver_from_reg_key(HKEY key, const char *subkey)
{
        char *buf;
        DWORD bufsz = 0, type = 0;
        int status = 0;

        if (RegQueryValueEx(key, subkey, 0, &type, NULL, &bufsz)
            != ERROR_MORE_DATA)
                return -1;
        if (!(buf = malloc(bufsz)))
                return -1;

        if (RegQueryValueEx(key, subkey, 0, &type, (LPBYTE)buf, &bufsz)
            == ERROR_SUCCESS && bufsz > 1) {
                status = evdns_nameserver_ip_add_line(buf);
        }

        free(buf);
        return status;
}

#define SERVICES_KEY "System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\"
#define WIN_NS_9X_KEY  SERVICES_KEY "VxD\\MSTCP"
#define WIN_NS_NT_KEY  SERVICES_KEY "Tcpip\\Parameters"

static int
load_nameservers_from_registry(void)
{
        int found = 0;
        int r;
#define TRY(k, name) \
        if (!found && config_nameserver_from_reg_key(k,name) == 0) {    \
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG,"Found nameservers in %s/%s",#k,name); \
                found = 1;                                              \
        } else if (!found) {                                            \
                log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG,"Didn't find nameservers in %s/%s", \
                    #k,#name);                                          \
        }

        if (((int)GetVersion()) > 0) { /* NT */
                HKEY nt_key = 0, interfaces_key = 0;

                if (RegOpenKeyEx(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, WIN_NS_NT_KEY, 0,
                                 KEY_READ, &nt_key) != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG,"Couldn't open nt key, %d",(int)GetLastError());
                        return -1;
                }
                r = RegOpenKeyEx(nt_key, "Interfaces", 0,
                             KEY_QUERY_VALUE|KEY_ENUMERATE_SUB_KEYS,
                             &interfaces_key);
                if (r != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG,"Couldn't open interfaces key, %d",(int)GetLastError());
                        return -1;
                }
                TRY(nt_key, "NameServer");
                TRY(nt_key, "DhcpNameServer");
                TRY(interfaces_key, "NameServer");
                TRY(interfaces_key, "DhcpNameServer");
                RegCloseKey(interfaces_key);
                RegCloseKey(nt_key);
        } else {
                HKEY win_key = 0;
                if (RegOpenKeyEx(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, WIN_NS_9X_KEY, 0,
                                 KEY_READ, &win_key) != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                        log(EVDNS_LOG_DEBUG, "Couldn't open registry key, %d", (int)GetLastError());
                        return -1;
                }
                TRY(win_key, "NameServer");
                RegCloseKey(win_key);
        }

        if (found == 0) {
                log(EVDNS_LOG_WARN,"Didn't find any nameservers.");
        }

        return found ? 0 : -1;
#undef TRY
}

int
evdns_config_windows_nameservers(void)
{
        if (load_nameservers_with_getnetworkparams() == 0)
                return 0;
        return load_nameservers_from_registry();
}
#endif

int
evdns_init(void)
{
        int res = 0;
#ifdef WIN32
        evdns_config_windows_nameservers();
#else
        res = evdns_resolv_conf_parse(DNS_OPTIONS_ALL, "/etc/resolv.conf");
#endif

        return (res);
}

const char *
evdns_err_to_string(int err)
{
    switch (err) {
        case DNS_ERR_NONE: return "no error";
        case DNS_ERR_FORMAT: return "misformatted query";
        case DNS_ERR_SERVERFAILED: return "server failed";
        case DNS_ERR_NOTEXIST: return "name does not exist";
        case DNS_ERR_NOTIMPL: return "query not implemented";
        case DNS_ERR_REFUSED: return "refused";

        case DNS_ERR_TRUNCATED: return "reply truncated or ill-formed";
        case DNS_ERR_UNKNOWN: return "unknown";
        case DNS_ERR_TIMEOUT: return "request timed out";
        case DNS_ERR_SHUTDOWN: return "dns subsystem shut down";
        default: return "[Unknown error code]";
    }
}

void
evdns_shutdown(int fail_requests)
{
        struct nameserver *server, *server_next;
        struct search_domain *dom, *dom_next;

        while (req_head) {
                if (fail_requests)
                        reply_callback(req_head, 0, DNS_ERR_SHUTDOWN, NULL);
                request_finished(req_head, &req_head);
        }
        while (req_waiting_head) {
                if (fail_requests)
                        reply_callback(req_waiting_head, 0, DNS_ERR_SHUTDOWN, NULL);
                request_finished(req_waiting_head, &req_waiting_head);
        }
        global_requests_inflight = global_requests_waiting = 0;

        for (server = server_head; server; server = server_next) {
                server_next = server->next;
                if (server->socket >= 0)
                        CLOSE_SOCKET(server->socket);
                (void) event_del(&server->event);
                if (server->state == 0)
                        (void) event_del(&server->timeout_event);
                free(server);
                if (server_next == server_head)
                        break;
        }
        server_head = NULL;
        global_good_nameservers = 0;

        if (global_search_state) {
                for (dom = global_search_state->head; dom; dom = dom_next) {
                        dom_next = dom->next;
                        free(dom);
                }
                free(global_search_state);
                global_search_state = NULL;
        }
        evdns_log_fn = NULL;
}

#ifdef EVDNS_MAIN
void
main_callback(int result, char type, int count, int ttl,
                          void *addrs, void *orig) {
        char *n = (char*)orig;
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
                if (type == DNS_IPv4_A) {
                        printf("%s: %s\n", n, debug_ntoa(((u32*)addrs)[i]));
                } else if (type == DNS_PTR) {
                        printf("%s: %s\n", n, ((char**)addrs)[i]);
                }
        }
        if (!count) {
                printf("%s: No answer (%d)\n", n, result);
        }
        fflush(stdout);
}
void
evdns_server_callback(struct evdns_server_request *req, void *data)
{
        int i, r;
        (void)data;
        /* dummy; give 192.168.11.11 as an answer for all A questions,
         *      give foo.bar.example.com as an answer for all PTR questions. */
        for (i = 0; i < req->nquestions; ++i) {
                u32 ans = htonl(0xc0a80b0bUL);
                if (req->questions[i]->type == EVDNS_TYPE_A &&
                        req->questions[i]->class == EVDNS_CLASS_INET) {
                        printf(" -- replying for %s (A)\n", req->questions[i]->name);
                        r = evdns_server_request_add_a_reply(req, req->questions[i]->name,
                                                                                  1, &ans, 10);
                        if (r<0)
                                printf("eeep, didn't work.\n");
                } else if (req->questions[i]->type == EVDNS_TYPE_PTR &&
                                   req->questions[i]->class == EVDNS_CLASS_INET) {
                        printf(" -- replying for %s (PTR)\n", req->questions[i]->name);
                        r = evdns_server_request_add_ptr_reply(req, NULL, req->questions[i]->name,
                                                                                        "foo.bar.example.com", 10);
                } else {
                        printf(" -- skipping %s [%d %d]\n", req->questions[i]->name,
                                   req->questions[i]->type, req->questions[i]->class);
                }
        }

        r = evdns_request_respond(req, 0);
        if (r<0)
                printf("eeek, couldn't send reply.\n");
}

void
logfn(int is_warn, const char *msg) {
  (void) is_warn;
  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
}
int
main(int c, char **v) {
        int idx;
        int reverse = 0, verbose = 1, servertest = 0;
        if (c<2) {
                fprintf(stderr, "syntax: %s [-x] [-v] hostname\n", v[0]);
                fprintf(stderr, "syntax: %s [-servertest]\n", v[0]);
                return 1;
        }
        idx = 1;
        while (idx < c && v[idx][0] == '-') {
                if (!strcmp(v[idx], "-x"))
                        reverse = 1;
                else if (!strcmp(v[idx], "-v"))
                        verbose = 1;
                else if (!strcmp(v[idx], "-servertest"))
                        servertest = 1;
                else
                        fprintf(stderr, "Unknown option %s\n", v[idx]);
                ++idx;
        }
        event_init();
        if (verbose)
                evdns_set_log_fn(logfn);
        evdns_resolv_conf_parse(DNS_OPTION_NAMESERVERS, "/etc/resolv.conf");
        if (servertest) {
                int sock;
                struct sockaddr_in my_addr;
                sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
                fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
                my_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
                my_addr.sin_port = htons(10053);
                my_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
                if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*)&my_addr, sizeof(my_addr))<0) {
                        perror("bind");
                        exit(1);
                }
                evdns_add_server_port(sock, 0, evdns_server_callback, NULL);
        }
        for (; idx < c; ++idx) {
                if (reverse) {
                        struct in_addr addr;
                        if (!inet_aton(v[idx], &addr)) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "Skipping non-IP %s\n", v[idx]);
                                continue;
                        }
                        fprintf(stderr, "resolving %s...\n",v[idx]);
                        evdns_resolve_reverse(&addr, 0, main_callback, v[idx]);
                } else {
                        fprintf(stderr, "resolving (fwd) %s...\n",v[idx]);
                        evdns_resolve_ipv4(v[idx], 0, main_callback, v[idx]);
                }
        }
        fflush(stdout);
        event_dispatch();
        return 0;
}
#endif